I was recently interested in reversing some older Cisco IOS images. Those images come in the form of a single binary blob, without any sort of ELF, Mach-o, or PE header to describe the binary.
While I am using Cisco IOS Images in this example, the same process should apply to other Raw Binary Firmware Images.
That makes importing this type of firmware file difficult, as Ghidra doesn't have any idea what type of ISA it needs to disassemble and decompile for.
The following are a few things I learned while trying to get the Cisco IOS image in a reversible state within Ghidra.
First I had to extract the image. The first 112 bytes of the firmware I received from the vendor are some sort of Cisco proprietary header that is not useful for our purpose. We need to extract the bzip2 archive that we are interested in. The easist way to do that is binwalk:
binwalk -eM c3750-ipservicesk9-mz.122-50.SE3.bin
This will create a _c3750-ipservicesk9-mz.122-55.SE.bin.extracted directory which will have a file named 70 inside it.
Now we need to figure out the CPU ISA. For this we use binwalk again:
binwalk -m /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/binwalk/magic/binarch _c3750-ipservicesk9-mz.122-55.SE.bin.extracted/70
This will output a lot of things, so lets take a look at the output:
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
24 0x18 PowerPC big endian instructions, function prologue
1360 0x550 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1364 0x554 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1372 0x55C PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1380 0x564 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1388 0x56C PowerPC big endian instructions, function prologue
1612 0x64C PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1648 0x670 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
1656 0x678 PowerPC big endian instructions, function prologue
3224 0xC98 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
3232 0xCA0 PowerPC big endian instructions, function prologue
6772 0x1A74 PowerPC big endian instructions, function epilogue
6780 0x1A7C PowerPC big endian instructions, function prologue
[...]
We can see that the binary has Big Endian PowerPC function prologues followed by epilogues. This is a good indicator that the firmware image ISA is PowerPC Big Endian.
Now that we know the ISA, we need to know the text-base offset and the data-base offset within the firmware image. The best way to figure this out is to load the firmware on an actual device and boot up the device.
To retrieve the base address (fileOffset), run the show version command on the Cisco Switch:
Switchy>
Switchy>enable
Password:
Switchy#show version
Cisco IOS Software, C3750 Software (C3750-IPSERVICESK9-M), Version 12.2(55)SE, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc2)
Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport
Copyright (c) 1986-2010 by Cisco Systems, Inc.
Compiled Sat 07-Aug-10 22:45 by prod_rel_team
Image text-base: 0x01000000, data-base: 0x02F00000
ROM: Bootstrap program is C3750 boot loader
BOOTLDR: C3750 Boot Loader (C3750-HBOOT-M) Version 12.2(44)SE5, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1)
[...]
This dumps out a line: Image text-base: 0x01000000, data-base: 0x02F00000.
Both of those addresses are important, so note them and save them for later.
Now open the 70 binary blob in ghidra. Again, since there is no standardized binary format for the binary, you will have to import the file as Raw Binary, and then set the Code Architecture to PowerPC Big Endian 4xx. Also, click the options button and set the image offset base to the value we retrieve from the show version command: 0x01000000. Then import.
Ghidra will then churn on the binary for a while, and when it is done the strings should be resolved to labels within the decompiler. This is because the label regions in memory are marked as Read/Write within ghidra. We want to resolve those labels to strings for ease of use.
Open up Window->Memory Map and click the Split button up in the right hand corner of that screen. You will need to split at the data-base address 0x02f00000, and then mark the data-base memory region as Read Only.
After you have completed these steps, the labels should resolve to strings and you should be able to start reversing the image quite easily.