NOTE: This problem appears to have been cleared up with my latest NVIDIA driver update (535.171.04), and so I no longer need to make the changes noted below.
There's apparently a longstanding bug in NVIDIA's driver that can prevent the use of Linux virtual consoles ("text consoles") when plugged into the card. This doesn't affect virtual consoles when plugged into integrated graphics.
While I don't have a bug report reference for this particular issue, there is this response to an Ask Ubuntu post from 5 years ago:
Zanna. "nVidia driver kills text consoles - how to get them back?". Ask Ubuntu, 30 July 2018, https://askubuntu.com/a/662782.
The TLDR; is that the fix is to add "nomodeset" to grub. An example of what that would look like:
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="net.ifnames=0 quiet splash nomodeset"
Once that's done, run update-grub
, and reboot.