smoser/img-convert

## img-convert
#!/bin/bash
VERBOSITY=0
TEMP_D=""
FORMATS=(
  qcow2
  qcow2-compressed
  raw
  azure
  azure-dynamic
  azure-fixed
)

error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }

_assert_python() {
    [ -n "$_PYTHON" ] && return 0
    local out="" c=""
    for c in python python3; do
        out=$(command -v $c 2>&1) && _PYTHON=$c && break
    done
    [ -n "$_PYTHON" ] || fail "No python available."
}

json_key() {
    # json_key(json_blob, keyname)
    _assert_python
    local val="" jblob="$1" kname="$2" req="$3"
    val=$(
    $_PYTHON -c "
import json, sys;
jblob, kname = (sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
data = json.loads(jblob)
print(data.get(kname, '_none'))" "$jblob" "$kname") ||
    { error "Failed to read input as json"; return 1; }
    [ "$val" = "_none" -a "$req" = "req" ] && return 1
    _RET="$val"
}

get_img_info() {
    debug 2 "get image info${2:+ -f $2} --output=json $1"
    qemu-img info ${2:+-f $2} --output=json "$1" ||
        { debug 1 "failed qemu-img info $img"; return 1; }
}

get_img_info_key() {
    local img="$1" key="$2" ifmt=$3 info=""
    info=$(qemu-img info ${ifmt:+-f $ifmt} --output=json "$img") ||
        { debug 1 "failed qemu-img info $img"; return 1; }
    json_key "$info" "$key" || {
        debug 1 "failed to get key '$key' from '$img'"
        return 1
    }
}

disk_to_azure() {
    # https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/linux/redhat-create-upload-vhd
    local img_in="$1" img_out="$2" subfmt=$3 ifmt="$4" img_tmp=""
    local out="" force_size="" fimg_in="" ret=""
    fimg_in=$(realpath "$img_in") ||
        { error "failed to get full path to $img_in"; return 1; }
    out=$(qemu-img convert -O vpc -o ? 2>&1) ||
        { error "Failed to check qemu-img for vpc out."; return 1; }
    echo "$out" | grep -q force_size && force_size="force_size"
    get_img_info_key "$img_in" virtual-size "$ifmt" || return
    local vsize=$_RET mb=$((1024*1024))

    local roundmb=$(( ((vsize+mb-1)/mb)*mb ))
    debug 2 "${img_in} is $vsize bytes."
    local curifmt="$ifmt"
    if [ $vsize -ne $roundmb ]; then
        debug 1 "creating $vsize != $roundmb temp image in even mb $roundmb."
        img_tmp="$TEMP_D/img.roundmb"
        rq 3 create-tmp-1mb-img qemu-img create \
            -f qcow2 -F "$curifmt" -b "$fimg_in" "$img_tmp" "$roundmb" ||
            { error "failed to create temp image"; return 1; }
        curifmt="qcow2"
    else
        img_tmp="$img_in"
    fi

    local opts="subformat=$subfmt"
    # force_size is https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611
    # and really is probably necessary.
    opts="$opts${force_size:+,${force_size}}"
    rq 2 convert-vhd qemu-img convert \
        -f "$curifmt" -O vpc -o "$opts" \
        "$img_tmp" "$img_out"
    ret=$?

    [ "$img_tmp" = "$img_in" ] || rm -f "$img_tmp"
    return $ret
}

rq() {
    local verbosity=$1 name=$2
    shift 2;
    debug 2 "running:" "$@"
    if [ ${VERBOSITY} -ge $verbosity ]; then
        "$@"
    else
        local f="${TEMP_D}/${name}.out"
        "$@" > "$f" 2>&1
        local ret=$?
        [ $ret -eq 0 ] && { rm -f "$f"; return 0; }
        error "FAILED:" "$@"
        cat "$f" 1>&2;
        rm -f "${f}"
        return $ret
    fi
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; fail "$@"; }

Usage() {
    cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] input format output

   Convert a qcow image to another format successfully.

   options:
      --resize  SIZE   grow the disk to SIZE during conversion

   format is one of:
EOF
    local f
    for f in "${FORMATS[@]}"; do
        echo "     $f"
    done
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
cleanup() {
    [ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] || rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
}

debug() {
    local level=${1}; shift;
    [ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
    error "${@}"
}

is_hidden_vpc() {
    # qemu-img info can't identify vpc fixed format from raw.
    # https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1819182
    local detected="$1" img="$2"
    [ "$detected" = "raw" ] || return 1
    case "$img" in
        *.[vV][hH][dD]|*.[vV][pP][cC]) return 0;;
    esac
    local foot=""
    # footer at 512 bytes from end starts with 'conectix'
    tail -c 512 "$img" | head -c 8 | grep -q conectix && return 0
    return 1
}

inargs() {
    local needle="$1" hay=""
    shift
    for hay in "$@"; do
        [ "$needle" = "$hay" ] && return 0
    done
    return 1
}

short_opts="hr:v"
long_opts="help,resize:,verbose"
getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
    --options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
    eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
    bad_Usage

## <<insert default variables here>>
input=""
output=""
resize=""

while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
    cur=$1; next=$2;
    case "$cur" in
        -h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
        -v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
        -r|--resize) resize=$next;;
        --) shift; break;;
    esac
    shift;
done

[ $# -eq 3 ] ||
    bad_Usage "Expect 3 args. (input, format, output). got $#"
input="$1"
oformat="$2"
output="$3"
curimg="$input"

command -v qemu-img >/dev/null || fail "No qemu-img in path"

[ -f "$input" ] || fail "$input: not a file"
[ "$input" -ef "$output" ] && fail "input has to differ from output."
rm -f "$output" || fail "failed to delete output file: $output"

inargs "$oformat" "${FORMATS[@]}" ||
   fail "$oformat not valid format: ${FORMATS[*]}"


TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") ||
    fail "failed to make tempdir"
trap cleanup EXIT

info=$(get_img_info "$input") ||
    fail "failed to get image info for $input"
json_key "$info" "format" req && ifmt="$_RET" ||
    fail "failed to get image type of $_RET: $info"
if is_hidden_vpc "$ifmt" "$input"; then
    debug 1 "Input looks like vhd, assuming that."
    ifmt="vpc"
    info=$(get_img_info "$input" "$ifmt") ||
        fail "failed to get image info for $input as fmt=$ifmt"
fi
json_key "$info" "virtual-size" req && isize="$_RET" ||
    fail "failed to get size of $input"

debug 1 "input: $input [format=$ifmt virtual-size=$isize]"
debug 2 "output: $output [format=$oformat]"

case "$oformat" in
    # force_size is https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611
    # older qemu-img just can't really work with dynamic size.
    azure-dynamic)
        out=$(qemu-img convert -O vpc -o ? 2>&1) ||
            { error "Failed to check qemu-img for vpc out."; return 1; }
        if ! echo "$out" | grep -q force_size; then
            error "Cannot create $oformat with this qemu."
            fail "see https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611"
        fi
esac

img_raw="${TEMP_D}/img.raw"

curifmt="$ifmt"
if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
    debug 1 "resizing via qcow2 backed."
    fcurimg=$(realpath "$curimg")
    rq 2 resize-with-qcow2 qemu-img create \
        -F "$ifmt" -f qcow2 -b "$fcurimg" \
        "$TEMP_D/resized.img" "$resize" ||
        fail "failed to create qcow2 resized."
    curimg="$TEMP_D/resized.img"
    curifmt="qcow2"
fi

case "$oformat" in
    qcow2-compressed)
        rq 2 to-qcow2-comp qemu-image convert \
            -f "$curifmt" -O qcow2 -c \
            "$curimg" "$output" ||
            fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
        ;;
    qcow2)
        rq 2 to-qcow2 qemu-image convert \
            -f "$curifmt" -O qcow2 \
            "$curimg" "$output" ||
            fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
        ;;
    azure-dynamic)
        disk_to_azure "$curimg" "$output" dynamic $curifmt ||
            fail "failed to convert to azure-dynamic type."
        ;;
    azure|azure-fixed)
        disk_to_azure "$curimg" "$output" fixed $curifmt ||
            fail "failed to convert to azure type."
        ;;
    raw)
        rq 2 to-raw qemu-image convert \
            -f "$curifmt" -O raw "$curimg" "$output" ||
            fail "failed to convert to raw"
        ;;
esac

debug 1 "created $output in $oformat format"
exit
# vi: ts=4 expandtab

## img-convert-vbox
#!/bin/bash

# any 'variant' and format options other than these here end up being reported
# by 'vboxmanage showhdinfo' as 'dynamic-default'
# VDI-Fixed: fixed default
# VMDK-Stream: dynamic streamOptimized
# VHD-Fixed: fixed default

VERBOSITY=0
TEMP_D=""
# see 'vboxmanage clonehd' output
FORMATS=(
  qcow2
  qcow2-compressed
  raw
  vdi
  vdi-fixed
  vhd
  vhd-fixed
  vmdk
  vmdk-esx
  vmdk-stream
)

declare -A VBOX_VAR_MAP
declare -A VBOX_FMT_MAP
VBOX_FMT_MAP=( [vdi]=VDI [vhd]=VHD [vmdk]="VMDK" )
VBOX_VAR_MAP=( [fixed]="Fixed" [stream]="Stream" [standard]="Standard" )


error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
errorp() { printf "$@" 1>&2; }
fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
failp() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || errorp "$@"; exit 1; }

checkreqs() {
	local missing="" missing_pkgs="" reqs="" req="" pkgs="" pkg=""
	reqs=( qemu-img vboxmanage )
	pkgs=( qemu-kvm virtualbox )
	for((i=0;i<${#reqs[@]};i++)); do
		req=${reqs[$i]}
		pkg=${pkgs[$i]}
		command -v "$req" >/dev/null || {
			missing="${missing:+${missing} }${req}"
			missing_pkgs="${missing_pkgs:+${missing_pkgs} }$pkg"
		}
	done
	[ -z "$missing" ] || {
		error "missing prereqs: $missing";
		error "apt-get install ${missing_pkgs}";
		return 1;
	}
}

rq() {
	local verbosity=$1 name=$2
	shift 2;
	debug 2 "running:" "$@"
	if [ ${VERBOSITY} -ge $verbosity ]; then
		"$@"
	else
		local f="${TEMP_D}/${name}.out"
		"$@" > "$f" 2>&1
		local ret=$?
		[ $ret -eq 0 ] && { rm -f "$f"; return 0; }
		error "FAILED:" "$@"
		cat "$f" 1>&2;
		rm -f "${f}"
		return $ret
	fi
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; fail "$@"; }

Usage() {
	cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] input format output

   Convert a qcow image to another format successfully.

   options:
      --resize  SIZE   grow the disk to SIZE during conversion
      --direct         do not use intermediate 'format' file

   format is one of:
EOF
	local f
	for f in "${FORMATS[@]}"; do
		echo "     $f"
	done
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
cleanup() {
	[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] || rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
}

debug() {
	local level=${1}; shift;
	[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
	error "${@}"
}

inargs() {
	local needle="$1" hay=""
	shift
	for hay in "$@"; do
		[ "$needle" = "$hay" ] && return 0
	done
	return 1
}

short_opts="hr:v"
long_opts="direct,help,resize:,verbose"
getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
	--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
	eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
	bad_Usage

## <<insert default variables here>>
input=""
output=""
resize=""
fixed=true
direct=0

while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
	cur=$1; next=$2;
	case "$cur" in
		   --direct) direct=1;;
		-h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
		-v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
		-r|--resize) resize=$next;;
		   --no-fixed) fixed=false;;
		--) shift; break;;
	esac
	shift;
done

[ $# -eq 3 ] ||
	bad_Usage "Expect 3 args. (input, format, output). got $#"
input="$1"
oformat="$2"
output="$3"

[ -f "$input" ] || fail "$input: not a file"
rm -f "$output" || fail "failed to delete output file: $output"

inargs "$oformat" "${FORMATS[@]}" ||
   fail "$oformat not valid format: ${FORMATS[*]}"

checkreqs || fail

TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") ||
	fail "failed to make tempdir"
trap cleanup EXIT

out=$(LANG=C qemu-img info "$input") ||
	fail "failed to get image info for $input"
itype=$(echo "$out" | awk '$0 ~ /^file format:/ { print $3 }') &&
	[ -n "$itype" ] || fail "failed to get input type"
isize=$(echo "$out" | awk '$0 ~ /^virtual size:/ { print $4 }') &&
	[ -n "$isize" ] && isize="${isize#(}" || fail "failed to get input type"

debug 1 "$input: $itype/$isize"

img_raw="${TEMP_D}/img.raw"

if [ "$itype" = "raw" ]; then
	if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
		debug 1 "copying input to temp for resize to $resize"
		img_raw="${TEMP_D}/raw.img"
		cp "$itype" "$img_raw" ||
			fail "failed copy to temp"
	else
		ln -s "$(readlink -f "$input")" "$img_raw" ||
			fail "failed to link to $input"
	fi
else
	debug 1 "converting input to raw"
	rq 3 convert-to-raw qemu-img convert -O raw "$input" "$img_raw" ||
		fail "failed conversion to raw"
fi

if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
	truncate --size "$resize" "$img_raw" ||
		fail "failed truncate --size $resize"
fi

fmt=${oformat%%-*}
variant=${oformat#*-}
if [ "$variant" = "$fmt" ]; then
	variant="standard"
fi

if [ "$fmt" = "qcow2" ]; then
	compflag=""
	[ "$opts" = "compressed" ] && compflag="-c"
	rq 3 raw2qcow2 qemu-image convert -O qcow2 $compflag \
		"$input" "$output" ||
		fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
else
	# first convert to the format default (standard)
	tvariant="standard"
	target="${TEMP_D}/$fmt-$tvariant.img"
	if [ "$variant" = "standard" ]; then
		target="$output"
		direct="1"
	fi
	if [ $direct = "1" ]; then
		tvariant="$variant"
		target="$output"
	fi

	debug 1 "converting to $fmt-$tvariant"
	rq 3 to-$fmt-$tvariant vboxmanage convertfromraw \
		"--format=${VBOX_FMT_MAP[$fmt]}" \
		"--variant=${VBOX_VAR_MAP[$tvariant]}" \
		"$img_raw" "$target" ||
		fail "failed conversion to $fmt-${tvariant}"

	rm "$img_raw"
	if [ "$direct" != "1" ]; then
		debug 1 "converting $fmt-$tvariant to $fmt-$variant"
		rq 3 to-$fmt-$variant vboxmanage clonehd \
			"--format=${VBOX_FMT_MAP[$fmt]}" \
			"--variant=${VBOX_VAR_MAP[$variant]}" \
			"$target" "$output"
	fi
fi

debug 1 "created $output in $fmt-$variant"
exit
# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab

## img-to-vhd
#!/bin/bash

VERBOSITY=0
TEMP_D=""

error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
errorp() { printf "$@" 1>&2; }
fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
failp() { [ $# -eq 0 ] || errorp "$@"; exit 1; }

checkreqs() {
	local missing="" missing_pkgs="" reqs="" req="" pkgs="" pkg=""
	reqs=( qemu-img vboxmanage )
	pkgs=( qemu-kvm virtualbox )
	for((i=0;i<${#reqs[@]};i++)); do
		req=${reqs[$i]}
		pkg=${pkgs[$i]}
		command -v "$req" >/dev/null || {
			missing="${missing:+${missing} }${req}"
			missing_pkgs="${missing_pkgs:+${missing_pkgs} }$pkg"
		}
	done
	[ -z "$missing" ] || {
		error "missing prereqs: $missing";
		error "apt-get install ${missing_pkgs}";
		return 1;
	}
}

rq() {
	local verbosity=$1 name=$2
	shift 2;
	debug 2 "running:" "$@"
	if [ ${VERBOSITY} -ge $verbosity ]; then
		"$@"
	else
		local f="${TEMP_D}/${name}.out"
		"$@" > "$f" 2>&1
		local ret=$?
		[ $ret -eq 0 ] && { rm -f "$f"; return 0; }
		error "FAILED:" "$@"
		cat "$f" 1>&2;
		rm -f "${f}"
		return $ret
	fi
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; fail "$@"; }


Usage() {
	cat <<EOF
Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] input output

   Convert a qcow image to vhd successfully.

   options:
      --resize  SIZE   grow the disk to SIZE during conversion
      --no-fixed       output image in 'Dynamic' format
EOF
}

bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] || error "$@"; exit 1; }
cleanup() {
	[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] || rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
}

debug() {
	local level=${1}; shift;
	[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
	error "${@}"
}

short_opts="hr:v"
long_opts="help,no-fixed,resize:,verbose"
getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
	--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
	eval set -- "${getopt_out}" ||
	bad_Usage

## <<insert default variables here>>
input=""
output=""
resize=""
fixed=true

while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
	cur=$1; next=$2;
	case "$cur" in
		-h|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
		-v|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
		-r|--resize) resize=$next;;
		   --no-fixed) fixed=false;;
		--) shift; break;;
	esac
	shift;
done

[ $# -eq 2 ] ||
	bad_Usage "Expect 2 arguments only (input, output). recieved $#"
input="$1"
output="$2"

[ -f "$input" ] || fail "$input: not a file"
rm -f "$output" || fail "failed to delete output file: $output"

checkreqs || fail

TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") ||
	fail "failed to make tempdir"
trap cleanup EXIT

out=$(LANG=C qemu-img info "$input") ||
	fail "failed to get image info for $input"
itype=$(echo "$out" | awk '$0 ~ /^file format:/ { print $3 }') &&
	[ -n "$itype" ] || fail "failed to get input type"
isize=$(echo "$out" | awk '$0 ~ /^virtual size:/ { print $4 }') &&
	[ -n "$isize" ] && isize="${isize#(}" || fail "failed to get input type"

debug 1 "$input: $itype/$isize"

img_raw="${TEMP_D}/raw.img"
img_vhd="${TEMP_D}/vhd.img"

if [ "$itype" = "raw" ]; then
	if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
		debug 1 "copying input to temp for resize to $resize"
		img_raw="${TEMP_D}/raw.img"
		cp "$itype" "$img_raw" ||
			fail "failed copy to temp"
	else
		ln -s "$(readlink -f "$input")" "$img_raw" ||
			fail "failed to link to $input"
	fi
else
	debug 1 "converting input to raw"
	rq 3 convert-to-raw qemu-img convert -O raw "$input" "$img_raw" ||
		fail "failed conversion to raw"
fi

if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
	truncate --size "$resize" "$img_raw" ||
		fail "failed truncate --size $resize"
fi

$fixed && target="$img_vhd" || target="$output"

debug 1 "converting raw to VHD-dynamic"
rq 3 to-vhd-dyanmic vboxmanage convertfromraw \
	--format VHD "$img_raw" "$target" ||
	fail "failed convert from raw to vhd"

if ! $fixed; then
	debug 1 "created $output in vhd format"
fi

debug 1 "converting vhd to vhd-fixed"
rq 3 to-vhd-fixed vboxmanage clonehd --format VHD \
	--variant Fixed "$img_vhd" "$output" ||
	fail "failed convert from vhd to vhd-fixed"

debug 1 "created $output in vhd fixed format"
exit

# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab

## vbox-getinfo
#!/bin/sh

input="/tmp/input.img"
output="/tmp/output.img"
outd="out.d"
mkdir -p "$outd"
uuid="b15256c1-70fb-45df-8728-77cf75bffd92"

rm out.info.log
for format in VDI VMDK VHD; do
  for variant in Standard Fixed Split2G Stream ESX ""; do
    rm -f "$input" "$output"
    vboxmanage closemedium disk --delete "$output" >/dev/null 2>&1
    [ "$variant" = "" ] && ovariant="none" || ovariant="$variant"
    echo "=== $format $variant ==="
    truncate --size 50M "$input"
    vboxmanage convertfromraw --format=$format ${variant:+--variant=${variant}} --uuid=$uuid $input $output > "$outd/$format.$ovariant.out" 2>&1
    ret="$?"
    if [ "$ret" -ne 0 ]; then
       echo "Failed $outd/$format.$ovariant"
       continue
    fi
    vboxmanage showhdinfo "$output" | tee "$outd/$format.$ovariant.info"
    echo "md5sum: $(md5sum "$output")"
    info=$(awk -F: '$1 == "Format variant" { print $2 }' "$outd/$format.$ovariant.info")
    echo "$format-$ovariant:" $info | tee -a out.info.log
    cp "$output" "$outd/$format.$ovariant.img"
    vboxmanage closemedium disk --delete "$output" >/dev/null 2>&1
  done
done
	#!/bin/bash
	VERBOSITY=0
	TEMP_D=""
	FORMATS=(
	qcow2
	qcow2-compressed
	raw
	azure
	azure-dynamic
	azure-fixed
	)

	error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
	fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] \|\| error "$@"; exit 1; }

	_assert_python() {
	[ -n "$_PYTHON" ] && return 0
	local out="" c=""
	for c in python python3; do
	out=$(command -v $c 2>&1) && _PYTHON=$c && break
	done
	[ -n "$_PYTHON" ] \|\| fail "No python available."
	}

	json_key() {
	# json_key(json_blob, keyname)
	_assert_python
	local val="" jblob="$1" kname="$2" req="$3"
	val=$(
	$_PYTHON -c "
	import json, sys;
	jblob, kname = (sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])
	data = json.loads(jblob)
	print(data.get(kname, '_none'))" "$jblob" "$kname") \|\|
	{ error "Failed to read input as json"; return 1; }
	[ "$val" = "_none" -a "$req" = "req" ] && return 1
	_RET="$val"
	}

	get_img_info() {
	debug 2 "get image info${2:+ -f $2} --output=json $1"
	qemu-img info ${2:+-f $2} --output=json "$1" \|\|
	{ debug 1 "failed qemu-img info $img"; return 1; }
	}

	get_img_info_key() {
	local img="$1" key="$2" ifmt=$3 info=""
	info=$(qemu-img info ${ifmt:+-f $ifmt} --output=json "$img") \|\|
	{ debug 1 "failed qemu-img info $img"; return 1; }
	json_key "$info" "$key" \|\| {
	debug 1 "failed to get key '$key' from '$img'"
	return 1
	}
	}

	disk_to_azure() {
	# https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/virtual-machines/linux/redhat-create-upload-vhd
	local img_in="$1" img_out="$2" subfmt=$3 ifmt="$4" img_tmp=""
	local out="" force_size="" fimg_in="" ret=""
	fimg_in=$(realpath "$img_in") \|\|
	{ error "failed to get full path to $img_in"; return 1; }
	out=$(qemu-img convert -O vpc -o ? 2>&1) \|\|
	{ error "Failed to check qemu-img for vpc out."; return 1; }
	echo "$out" \| grep -q force_size && force_size="force_size"
	get_img_info_key "$img_in" virtual-size "$ifmt" \|\| return
	local vsize=$_RET mb=$((1024*1024))

	local roundmb=$(( ((vsize+mb-1)/mb)*mb ))
	debug 2 "${img_in} is $vsize bytes."
	local curifmt="$ifmt"
	if [ $vsize -ne $roundmb ]; then
	debug 1 "creating $vsize != $roundmb temp image in even mb $roundmb."
	img_tmp="$TEMP_D/img.roundmb"
	rq 3 create-tmp-1mb-img qemu-img create \
	-f qcow2 -F "$curifmt" -b "$fimg_in" "$img_tmp" "$roundmb" \|\|
	{ error "failed to create temp image"; return 1; }
	curifmt="qcow2"
	else
	img_tmp="$img_in"
	fi

	local opts="subformat=$subfmt"
	# force_size is https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611
	# and really is probably necessary.
	opts="$opts${force_size:+,${force_size}}"
	rq 2 convert-vhd qemu-img convert \
	-f "$curifmt" -O vpc -o "$opts" \
	"$img_tmp" "$img_out"
	ret=$?

	[ "$img_tmp" = "$img_in" ] \|\| rm -f "$img_tmp"
	return $ret
	}

	rq() {
	local verbosity=$1 name=$2
	shift 2;
	debug 2 "running:" "$@"
	if [ ${VERBOSITY} -ge $verbosity ]; then
	"$@"
	else
	local f="${TEMP_D}/${name}.out"
	"$@" > "$f" 2>&1
	local ret=$?
	[ $ret -eq 0 ] && { rm -f "$f"; return 0; }
	error "FAILED:" "$@"
	cat "$f" 1>&2;
	rm -f "${f}"
	return $ret
	fi
	}

	bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; fail "$@"; }

	Usage() {
	cat <<EOF
	Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] input format output

	Convert a qcow image to another format successfully.

	options:
	--resize SIZE grow the disk to SIZE during conversion

	format is one of:
	EOF
	local f
	for f in "${FORMATS[@]}"; do
	echo " $f"
	done
	}

	bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] \|\| error "$@"; exit 1; }
	cleanup() {
	[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] \|\| rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
	}

	debug() {
	local level=${1}; shift;
	[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
	error "${@}"
	}

	is_hidden_vpc() {
	# qemu-img info can't identify vpc fixed format from raw.
	# https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1819182
	local detected="$1" img="$2"
	[ "$detected" = "raw" ] \|\| return 1
	case "$img" in
	.[vV][hH][dD]\|.[vV][pP][cC]) return 0;;
	esac
	local foot=""
	# footer at 512 bytes from end starts with 'conectix'
	tail -c 512 "$img" \| head -c 8 \| grep -q conectix && return 0
	return 1
	}

	inargs() {
	local needle="$1" hay=""
	shift
	for hay in "$@"; do
	[ "$needle" = "$hay" ] && return 0
	done
	return 1
	}

	short_opts="hr:v"
	long_opts="help,resize:,verbose"
	getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
	--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
	eval set -- "${getopt_out}" \|\|
	bad_Usage

	## <<insert default variables here>>
	input=""
	output=""
	resize=""

	while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
	cur=$1; next=$2;
	case "$cur" in
	-h\|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
	-v\|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
	-r\|--resize) resize=$next;;
	--) shift; break;;
	esac
	shift;
	done

	[ $# -eq 3 ] \|\|
	bad_Usage "Expect 3 args. (input, format, output). got $#"
	input="$1"
	oformat="$2"
	output="$3"
	curimg="$input"

	command -v qemu-img >/dev/null \|\| fail "No qemu-img in path"

	[ -f "$input" ] \|\| fail "$input: not a file"
	[ "$input" -ef "$output" ] && fail "input has to differ from output."
	rm -f "$output" \|\| fail "failed to delete output file: $output"

	inargs "$oformat" "${FORMATS[@]}" \|\|
	fail "$oformat not valid format: ${FORMATS[*]}"


	TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") \|\|
	fail "failed to make tempdir"
	trap cleanup EXIT

	info=$(get_img_info "$input") \|\|
	fail "failed to get image info for $input"
	json_key "$info" "format" req && ifmt="$_RET" \|\|
	fail "failed to get image type of $_RET: $info"
	if is_hidden_vpc "$ifmt" "$input"; then
	debug 1 "Input looks like vhd, assuming that."
	ifmt="vpc"
	info=$(get_img_info "$input" "$ifmt") \|\|
	fail "failed to get image info for $input as fmt=$ifmt"
	fi
	json_key "$info" "virtual-size" req && isize="$_RET" \|\|
	fail "failed to get size of $input"

	debug 1 "input: $input [format=$ifmt virtual-size=$isize]"
	debug 2 "output: $output [format=$oformat]"

	case "$oformat" in
	# force_size is https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611
	# older qemu-img just can't really work with dynamic size.
	azure-dynamic)
	out=$(qemu-img convert -O vpc -o ? 2>&1) \|\|
	{ error "Failed to check qemu-img for vpc out."; return 1; }
	if ! echo "$out" \| grep -q force_size; then
	error "Cannot create $oformat with this qemu."
	fail "see https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1490611"
	fi
	esac

	img_raw="${TEMP_D}/img.raw"

	curifmt="$ifmt"
	if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
	debug 1 "resizing via qcow2 backed."
	fcurimg=$(realpath "$curimg")
	rq 2 resize-with-qcow2 qemu-img create \
	-F "$ifmt" -f qcow2 -b "$fcurimg" \
	"$TEMP_D/resized.img" "$resize" \|\|
	fail "failed to create qcow2 resized."
	curimg="$TEMP_D/resized.img"
	curifmt="qcow2"
	fi

	case "$oformat" in
	qcow2-compressed)
	rq 2 to-qcow2-comp qemu-image convert \
	-f "$curifmt" -O qcow2 -c \
	"$curimg" "$output" \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
	;;
	qcow2)
	rq 2 to-qcow2 qemu-image convert \
	-f "$curifmt" -O qcow2 \
	"$curimg" "$output" \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
	;;
	azure-dynamic)
	disk_to_azure "$curimg" "$output" dynamic $curifmt \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to azure-dynamic type."
	;;
	azure\|azure-fixed)
	disk_to_azure "$curimg" "$output" fixed $curifmt \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to azure type."
	;;
	raw)
	rq 2 to-raw qemu-image convert \
	-f "$curifmt" -O raw "$curimg" "$output" \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to raw"
	;;
	esac

	debug 1 "created $output in $oformat format"
	exit
	# vi: ts=4 expandtab
	#!/bin/bash

	# any 'variant' and format options other than these here end up being reported
	# by 'vboxmanage showhdinfo' as 'dynamic-default'
	# VDI-Fixed: fixed default
	# VMDK-Stream: dynamic streamOptimized
	# VHD-Fixed: fixed default

	VERBOSITY=0
	TEMP_D=""
	# see 'vboxmanage clonehd' output
	FORMATS=(
	qcow2
	qcow2-compressed
	raw
	vdi
	vdi-fixed
	vhd
	vhd-fixed
	vmdk
	vmdk-esx
	vmdk-stream
	)

	declare -A VBOX_VAR_MAP
	declare -A VBOX_FMT_MAP
	VBOX_FMT_MAP=( [vdi]=VDI [vhd]=VHD [vmdk]="VMDK" )
	VBOX_VAR_MAP=( [fixed]="Fixed" [stream]="Stream" [standard]="Standard" )


	error() { echo "$@" 1>&2; }
	errorp() { printf "$@" 1>&2; }
	fail() { [ $# -eq 0 ] \|\| error "$@"; exit 1; }
	failp() { [ $# -eq 0 ] \|\| errorp "$@"; exit 1; }

	checkreqs() {
	local missing="" missing_pkgs="" reqs="" req="" pkgs="" pkg=""
	reqs=( qemu-img vboxmanage )
	pkgs=( qemu-kvm virtualbox )
	for((i=0;i<${#reqs[@]};i++)); do
	req=${reqs[$i]}
	pkg=${pkgs[$i]}
	command -v "$req" >/dev/null \|\| {
	missing="${missing:+${missing} }${req}"
	missing_pkgs="${missing_pkgs:+${missing_pkgs} }$pkg"
	}
	done
	[ -z "$missing" ] \|\| {
	error "missing prereqs: $missing";
	error "apt-get install ${missing_pkgs}";
	return 1;
	}
	}

	rq() {
	local verbosity=$1 name=$2
	shift 2;
	debug 2 "running:" "$@"
	if [ ${VERBOSITY} -ge $verbosity ]; then
	"$@"
	else
	local f="${TEMP_D}/${name}.out"
	"$@" > "$f" 2>&1
	local ret=$?
	[ $ret -eq 0 ] && { rm -f "$f"; return 0; }
	error "FAILED:" "$@"
	cat "$f" 1>&2;
	rm -f "${f}"
	return $ret
	fi
	}

	bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; fail "$@"; }

	Usage() {
	cat <<EOF
	Usage: ${0##*/} [ options ] input format output

	Convert a qcow image to another format successfully.

	options:
	--resize SIZE grow the disk to SIZE during conversion
	--direct do not use intermediate 'format' file

	format is one of:
	EOF
	local f
	for f in "${FORMATS[@]}"; do
	echo " $f"
	done
	}

	bad_Usage() { Usage 1>&2; [ $# -eq 0 ] \|\| error "$@"; exit 1; }
	cleanup() {
	[ -z "${TEMP_D}" -o ! -d "${TEMP_D}" ] \|\| rm -Rf "${TEMP_D}"
	}

	debug() {
	local level=${1}; shift;
	[ "${level}" -gt "${VERBOSITY}" ] && return
	error "${@}"
	}

	inargs() {
	local needle="$1" hay=""
	shift
	for hay in "$@"; do
	[ "$needle" = "$hay" ] && return 0
	done
	return 1
	}

	short_opts="hr:v"
	long_opts="direct,help,resize:,verbose"
	getopt_out=$(getopt --name "${0##*/}" \
	--options "${short_opts}" --long "${long_opts}" -- "$@") &&
	eval set -- "${getopt_out}" \|\|
	bad_Usage

	## <<insert default variables here>>
	input=""
	output=""
	resize=""
	fixed=true
	direct=0

	while [ $# -ne 0 ]; do
	cur=$1; next=$2;
	case "$cur" in
	--direct) direct=1;;
	-h\|--help) Usage ; exit 0;;
	-v\|--verbose) VERBOSITY=$((${VERBOSITY}+1));;
	-r\|--resize) resize=$next;;
	--no-fixed) fixed=false;;
	--) shift; break;;
	esac
	shift;
	done

	[ $# -eq 3 ] \|\|
	bad_Usage "Expect 3 args. (input, format, output). got $#"
	input="$1"
	oformat="$2"
	output="$3"

	[ -f "$input" ] \|\| fail "$input: not a file"
	rm -f "$output" \|\| fail "failed to delete output file: $output"

	inargs "$oformat" "${FORMATS[@]}" \|\|
	fail "$oformat not valid format: ${FORMATS[*]}"

	checkreqs \|\| fail

	TEMP_D=$(mktemp -d "${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/${0##*/}.XXXXXX") \|\|
	fail "failed to make tempdir"
	trap cleanup EXIT

	out=$(LANG=C qemu-img info "$input") \|\|
	fail "failed to get image info for $input"
	itype=$(echo "$out" \| awk '$0 ~ /^file format:/ { print $3 }') &&
	[ -n "$itype" ] \|\| fail "failed to get input type"
	isize=$(echo "$out" \| awk '$0 ~ /^virtual size:/ { print $4 }') &&
	[ -n "$isize" ] && isize="${isize#(}" \|\| fail "failed to get input type"

	debug 1 "$input: $itype/$isize"

	img_raw="${TEMP_D}/img.raw"

	if [ "$itype" = "raw" ]; then
	if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
	debug 1 "copying input to temp for resize to $resize"
	img_raw="${TEMP_D}/raw.img"
	cp "$itype" "$img_raw" \|\|
	fail "failed copy to temp"
	else
	ln -s "$(readlink -f "$input")" "$img_raw" \|\|
	fail "failed to link to $input"
	fi
	else
	debug 1 "converting input to raw"
	rq 3 convert-to-raw qemu-img convert -O raw "$input" "$img_raw" \|\|
	fail "failed conversion to raw"
	fi

	if [ -n "$resize" ]; then
	truncate --size "$resize" "$img_raw" \|\|
	fail "failed truncate --size $resize"
	fi

	fmt=${oformat%%-*}
	variant=${oformat#*-}
	if [ "$variant" = "$fmt" ]; then
	variant="standard"
	fi

	if [ "$fmt" = "qcow2" ]; then
	compflag=""
	[ "$opts" = "compressed" ] && compflag="-c"
	rq 3 raw2qcow2 qemu-image convert -O qcow2 $compflag \
	"$input" "$output" \|\|
	fail "failed to convert to qcow2"
	else
	# first convert to the format default (standard)
	tvariant="standard"
	target="${TEMP_D}/$fmt-$tvariant.img"
	if [ "$variant" = "standard" ]; then
	target="$output"
	direct="1"
	fi
	if [ $direct = "1" ]; then
	tvariant="$variant"
	target="$output"
	fi

	debug 1 "converting to $fmt-$tvariant"
	rq 3 to-$fmt-$tvariant vboxmanage convertfromraw \
	"--format=${VBOX_FMT_MAP[$fmt]}" \
	"--variant=${VBOX_VAR_MAP[$tvariant]}" \
	"$img_raw" "$target" \|\|
	fail "failed conversion to $fmt-${tvariant}"

	rm "$img_raw"
	if [ "$direct" != "1" ]; then
	debug 1 "converting $fmt-$tvariant to $fmt-$variant"
	rq 3 to-$fmt-$variant vboxmanage clonehd \
	"--format=${VBOX_FMT_MAP[$fmt]}" \
	"--variant=${VBOX_VAR_MAP[$variant]}" \
	"$target" "$output"
	fi
	fi

	debug 1 "created $output in $fmt-$variant"
	exit
	# vi: ts=4 noexpandtab
	#!/bin/sh

	input="/tmp/input.img"
	output="/tmp/output.img"
	outd="out.d"
	mkdir -p "$outd"
	uuid="b15256c1-70fb-45df-8728-77cf75bffd92"

	rm out.info.log
	for format in VDI VMDK VHD; do
	for variant in Standard Fixed Split2G Stream ESX ""; do
	rm -f "$input" "$output"
	vboxmanage closemedium disk --delete "$output" >/dev/null 2>&1
	[ "$variant" = "" ] && ovariant="none" \|\| ovariant="$variant"
	echo "=== $format $variant ==="
	truncate --size 50M "$input"
	vboxmanage convertfromraw --format=$format ${variant:+--variant=${variant}} --uuid=$uuid $input $output > "$outd/$format.$ovariant.out" 2>&1
	ret="$?"
	if [ "$ret" -ne 0 ]; then
	echo "Failed $outd/$format.$ovariant"
	continue
	fi
	vboxmanage showhdinfo "$output" \| tee "$outd/$format.$ovariant.info"
	echo "md5sum: $(md5sum "$output")"
	info=$(awk -F: '$1 == "Format variant" { print $2 }' "$outd/$format.$ovariant.info")
	echo "$format-$ovariant:" $info \| tee -a out.info.log
	cp "$output" "$outd/$format.$ovariant.img"
	vboxmanage closemedium disk --delete "$output" >/dev/null 2>&1
	done
	done