A number of ways to implement closures in C, in preparation of an upcoming blog post

closures-basic.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct closure {
  void (* call)(struct closure *);

  int x;
};

void block(struct closure * env) {
  env->x += 1;
  printf ("block: x is %d\n", env->x);
}

struct closure * foo(int x)
{
  struct closure * closure = (struct closure *)malloc(sizeof(struct closure *));
  closure->x = x;

  printf ("x is %d\n",closure->x);

  closure->call = &block;

  return closure;
}

int main() {
  struct closure * c = foo(5);

  c->call(c);
  c->call(c);
}

closures-fatptr.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


struct env {
  int x;
};

struct closure {
  void (* call)(struct env *);
  struct env * env;
};

void block(struct env * env) {
  env->x += 1;
  printf ("block: x is %d\n", env->x);
}

struct closure foo(int x)
{
  struct env * env = (struct env *)malloc(sizeof(struct env));
  env->x = x;

  printf ("x is %d\n",env->x);

  struct closure closure;
  closure.env = env;
  closure.call = block;

  return closure;
}

int main() {
  struct closure c = foo(5);

  c.call(c.env);
  c.call(c.env);
}

closures-indirection.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>


struct env {
  int x;
};

struct closure {
  void (* call)(struct env *);
  struct env * env;
};

void block(struct env * env) {
  env->x += 1;
  printf ("block: x is %d\n", env->x);
}

struct closure * foo(int x)
{
  struct env * env = (struct env *)malloc(sizeof(struct env));
  env->x = x;

  printf ("x is %d\n",env->x);

  struct closure * closure = (struct closure *)malloc(sizeof(struct closure *));
  closure->env = env;
  closure->call = block;

  return closure;
}


int main() {
  struct closure * c = foo(5);

  c->call(c->env);
  c->call(c->env);
}

closures-thunks.c

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>

struct env {
  int x;
};

struct __attribute__((packed)) thunk {
  unsigned char push;
  struct env * env_addr;
  unsigned char call;
  signed long call_offset;
  unsigned char add_esp[3];
  unsigned char ret;
};

struct thunk default_thunk = {0x68, 0, 0xe8, 0, {0x83, 0xc4, 0x04}, 0xc3};

typedef void (* cfunc)();

struct thunk * make_thunk(struct env * env, void * code)
{
  struct thunk * thunk = (struct thunk *)mmap(0,sizeof(struct thunk), PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC, MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
  *thunk = default_thunk;
  thunk->env_addr = env;
  thunk->call_offset = code - (void *)&thunk->add_esp[0]; // Pretty!                                                                               
  mprotect(thunk,sizeof(struct thunk), PROT_EXEC);
  return thunk;
}


void block(struct env * env) {
  env->x += 1;
  printf ("block: x is %d\n", env->x);
}

cfunc foo (int x)
{
  struct env * env = (struct env *)malloc(sizeof(struct env));
  env->x = x;

  printf ("x is %d\n",env->x);

  return (cfunc)make_thunk(env,(void *)&block);
}

int main() {
  cfunc c = foo(5);
  
  c();
  c();
}

https://gist.github.com/vidarh/259462#file-closures-thunks-c-L24

Shouldn't that be PROT_WRITE, not PROT_WRITE | PROT_EXEC?

Thanks for this article. I'm reading it right now in order to implement closures in my own scripting language, Sparkling (here it is). Just one thing I noticed: you should not cast the return value of malloc(). Just write this: struct env *p = malloc(sizeof(*p));

struct closure * closure = (struct closure *)malloc(sizeof(struct closure *));

should be below ???:
struct closure * closure = (struct closure *)malloc(sizeof(struct closure));

64-bit version? :)

Blog post is here https://hokstad.com/how-to-implement-closures