yorickdowne/HallOfBlame.md

## HallOfBlame.md

      
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              HallOfBlame.md
            
          
    Overview

Syncing an Ethereum node is largely reliant on IOPS, I/O Per Second. Budget SSDs will struggle to an extent, and some won't be able to sync at all.
This document aims to snapshot some known good and known bad models.
For size, 4TB comes recommended as of mid 2024. The smaller 2TB drive should last an Ethereum full node until early 2025 or thereabouts, with crystal ball uncertainty. Remy wrote a migration guide to 4TB.
High-level, QLC and DRAMless are far slower than "mainstream" SSDs. QLC has lower endurance as well. Any savings will be gone when the drive fails early and needs to be replaced.
Other than a slow SSD model, these are things that can slow IOPS down:

Heat. Check with smartctl -x; the SSD should be below 50C so it does not throttle.
TRIM not being allowed. This can happen with some hardware RAID controllers, as well as on macOS with non-Apple SSDs
ZFS
RAID5/6 - write amplification is no joke
On SATA, the controller in UEFI/BIOS set to anything other than AHCI. Set it to AHCI for good performance.

If you haven't already, do turn off atime on your DB volume, it'll increase SSD lifetime and speed things up a little bit.
Some users have reported that NUC instability with certain drives can be cured by adding nvme_core.default_ps_max_latency_us=0 to their GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX kernel parameters via sudo nano /etc/default/grub and sudo update-grub. This keeps the drive from entering powersave states by itself.
The drive lists are ordered by interface and then by capacity and alphabetically by vendor name, not by preference. The lists are not exhaustive at all. @mwpastore linked a filterable spreadsheet in comments that has a far greater variety of drives and their characteristics. Filter it by DRAM yes, NAND Type TLC, Form Factor M.2, and desired capacity.
The Good

"Mainstream" and "Performance" drive models that can sync mainnet execution layer clients in a reasonable amount of time.

Often on sale: Teamgroup MP34
Higher endurance (TBW) than most: Seagate Firecuda 530, WD Red SN700
Lowest power draw: SK Hynix P31 Gold - was a great choice for Rock5 B and other low-power devices, but 2TB only

We've started crowd-sourcing some IOPS numbers. If you want to join the fun, run fio --randrepeat=1 --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --gtod_reduce=1 --name=test --filename=test --bs=4k --iodepth=64 --size=150G --readwrite=randrw --rwmixread=75; rm test and give us the read and write IOPS.
If you have room for it and need an excellent heatsink, consider the "Rocket NVMe Heatsink". It is quite high however, and may not fit in some miniPC cases.
Hardware

M.2 NVMe "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 3, 4TB drives

Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
Teamgroup MP34, between 94k/31k and 118k/39k r/w IOPS
WD Red SN700, 141k/47k r/w IOPS

M.2 NVMe "Performance" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 4 or 5, 4TB drives

Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
Acer GM7000 "Predator", 125k/41k r/w IOPS
ADATA XPG Gammix S70, 272k/91k r/w IOPS
Corsair Force MP600 Pro and variants (but not "MP600 Core XT"), 138k/46k r/w IOPS
Kingston KC3000, 377k/126k r/w IOPS
Kingston Fury Renegade, 211k/70k r/w IOPS
Mushkin Redline Vortex (but not LX)
Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus, 149k/49k r/w IOPS. @SnoepNFTs reports the Rocket NVMe Heatsink keeps it very cool.
Samsung 990 Pro, 124k/41k r/w IOPS - there are reports of 990 Pro rapidly losing health. A firmware update to 1B2QJXD7 is meant to stop the rapid degradation, but won't reverse any that happened on earlier firmware.
Seagate Firecuda 530, 218k/73k r/w IOPS
Teamgroup MP44, 105k/35k r/w IOPS - caution that this is DRAMless and uses a Host Memory Buffer (HMB), yet appears to perform fine.
Transcend 250s, 127k/42k r/w IOPS. @SnoepNFTs reports it gets very hot, you'd want to add a good heatsink to it.
WD Black SN850X, 101k/33k r/w IOPS

M.2 NVMe "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 3, 2TB drives

Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
AData XPG Gammix S11/SX8200 Pro. Several hardware revisions. It's slower than some QLC drives. 68k/22k r/w IOPS
AData XPG Gammix S50 Lite
HP EX950
Mushkin Pilot-E
Samsung 970 EVO Plus 2TB, pre-rework (firmware 2B2QEXM7). 140k/46k r/w IOPS
Samsung 970 EVO Plus 2TB, post-rework (firmware 3B2QEXM7 or 4B2QEXM7). In testing this syncs just as quickly as the pre-rework drive
SK Hynix P31 Gold
WD Black SN750 (but not SN750 SE)

M.2 NVMe "Performance" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 4 or 5, 2TB drives

Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
Crucial P5 Plus
Kingston KC2000
Samsung 980 Pro (not 980) - a firmware update to 5B2QGXA7 is necessary to keep them from dying, if they are firmware 3B2QGXA7. Samsung's boot Linux is a bit broken, you may want to flash from your own Linux.
SK Hynix P41 Platinum / Solidigm P44 Pro, 99k/33k r/w IOPS
WD Black SN850

Cloud


Any baremetal/dedicated server service
AWS i3en.(2)xlarge or is4gen.xlarge
AWS gp3 w/ >=10k IOPS provisioned and an m7i/a.xlarge

The Bad

These "Budget" drive models are reportedly too slow to sync (all) mainnet execution layer clients.
Hardware


AData S40G/SX8100 4TB, QLC - the 2TB model is TLC and should be fine; 4TB is reportedly too slow
Crucial P1, QLC - users report it can't sync Nethermind
Crucial P2 and P3 (Plus), QLC and DRAMless - users report it can't sync Nethermind, 27k/9k r/w IOPS
Kingston NV1 - probably QLC and DRAMless and thus too slow on 2TB, but could be "anything" as Kingston do not guarantee specific components.
Kingston NV2 - like NV1 no guaranteed components
WD Green SN350, QLC and DRAMless
Anything both QLC and DRAMless will likely not be able to sync at all or not be able to consistently keep up with "chain head"
Crucial BX500 SATA, HP S650 SATA, probably most SATA budget drives
Samsung 980, DRAMless - unsure, this may belong in "Ugly". If you have one and can say for sure, please come to ethstaker Discord.
Samsung T7 USB, even with current firmware

The Ugly

"Budget" drive models that reportedly can sync mainnet execution layer clients, if slowly.
Note that QLC drives usually have a markedly lower TBW than TLC, and will fail earlier.
Hardware


Corsair MP400, QLC
Inland Professional 3D NAND, QLC
Intel 660p, QLC. It's faster than some "mainstream" drives. 98k/33k r/w IOPS
Seagata Barracuda Q5, QLC
WD Black SN770, DRAMless
Samsung 870 QVO SATA, QLC

2.5" SATA "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM

These have been moved to "ugly" because there are user reports that only Nimbus/Geth will now sync on SATA, and even that takes 3 days. It looks like after Dencun, NVMe is squarely the way to go.
Any data center/enterprise SATA SSD
Crucial MX500 SATA, 46k/15k r/w IOPS
Samsung 860 EVO SATA, 55k/18k r/w IOPS
Samsung 870 EVO SATA, 63k/20k r/w IOPS
WD Blue 3D NAND SATA

Cloud


Contabo SSD - reportedly able to sync Geth 1.13.0 and Nethermind, if slowly
Netcup VPS Servers - reportedly able to sync Geth 1.13.0 and Nethermind, if slowly
Contabo NVMe - fast enough but not enough space. 800 GiB is not sufficient.
Netcup RS Servers. Reportedly fast enough to sync Nethermind or Geth; still no speed demon.