Visualforce page to display google map with your current position. Tested in Salesforce1

CurrentLocation.page

<apex:page standardController="Account" docType="html-5.0" showHeader="false" sidebar="false" standardStylesheets="false" >
    <style>
      #map {
        width: 100%;
        height: 400px;
      }
    </style>

    <div id="map">Loading map ...</div>

    <script>

        renderMap = function (canvas, latitude, longitude) {
            var latLng = {lat: latitude, lng: longitude};
            var map = new google.maps.Map(canvas, {
                center: latLng,
                zoom: 14
            });
            var marker = new google.maps.Marker({
                position: latLng,
                map: map,
                title: 'You Are Here'
            });
        }
        
          function initMap() {
            var mapDiv = document.getElementById('map');
    
            if (navigator.geolocation) {
                navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(
                    function (position) {
                        renderMap(mapDiv, position.coords.latitude, position.coords.longitude);

                    },
                    function(error) {
                        document.getElementById('map').innerHTML = 'Error:' + error.code + ' x ' + error.message;
                    }
                );
                
            } else {
                document.getElementById('map').innerHTML = 'Geolocation not supported';
            }
    
          }
    </script>
    <script src="https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?callback=initMap"></script>

</apex:page>

This one is working in Edge IE browser and also working in Salesforce1 mobile app for iOS.

Don't know why this is not working in Chrome. Any Idea?

So what is the error you get?
Maybe it has to do with HTTPS. Since version 50 chrome does not allow geolocation from unsecured pages.