NE-SmallTown/string.md

## string.md

      
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              string.md
            
          
    Strings

String.prototype.*

None of the string methods modify this – they always return fresh strings.


charAt(pos: number): string ^ES1
Returns the character at index pos, as a string (JavaScript does not have a datatype for characters). str[i] is equivalent to str.charAt(i) and more concise (caveat: may not work on old engines).
> 'abc'.charAt(1)
'b'


charCodeAt(pos: number): number ^ES1
Returns the 16-bit number (0–65535) of the UTF-16 code unit (character) at index pos.
> 'abc'.charCodeAt(1)
98


codePointAt(pos: number): number | undefined ^ES6
Returns the number of the Unicode code point of the 1–2 characters at index pos. If there is no such index, it returns undefined.


concat(...strings: string[]): string ^ES3
Returns the concatenation of this and strings. 'a'+'b' is equivalent to 'a'.concat('b') and more concise.
> 'ab'.concat('cd', 'ef', 'gh')
'abcdefgh'


endsWith(searchString: string, endPos=this.length): boolean ^ES6
Returns true if this ends with searchString at index endPos and false, otherwise.
> 'foo.txt'.endsWith('.txt')
true
> 'abc'.endsWith('ab', 2)
true


includes(searchString: string, startPos=0): boolean ^ES6
Returns true if this contains the searchString and false, otherwise. The search starts at startPos.
> 'abc'.includes('b')
true
> 'abc'.includes('b', 2)
false


indexOf(searchString: string, minIndex=0): number ^ES1
Returns the lowest index at which searchString appears within this, or -1, otherwise. Any returned index will be minIndex or higher.
> 'abab'.indexOf('a')
0
> 'abab'.indexOf('a', 1)
2
> 'abab'.indexOf('c')
-1


lastIndexOf(searchString: string, maxIndex=Infinity): number ^ES1
Returns the highest index at which searchString appears within this, or -1, otherwise. Any returned index will be maxIndex or lower.
> 'abab'.lastIndexOf('ab', 2)
2
> 'abab'.lastIndexOf('ab', 1)
0
> 'abab'.lastIndexOf('ab')
2


match(regExp: string | RegExp): RegExpMatchArray | null ^ES3
If regExp is a regular expression with flag /g not set then .match() returns the first match for regExp within this. Or null if there is no match. If regExp is a string, it is converted to a regular expression before performing the previous steps.
The result has the following type:
interface RegExpMatchArray extends Array<string> {
  index: number;
  input: string;
  groups: undefined | {
    [key: string]: string
  };
}
Numbered capture groups become Array indices. Named capture groups (ES2018) become properties of .groups. In this mode, .match() works like RegExp.prototype.exec().
Examples:
> 'ababb'.match(/a(b+)/)
[ 'ab', 'b', index: 0, input: 'ababb', groups: undefined ]
> 'ababb'.match(/a(?<foo>b+)/)
[ 'ab', 'b', index: 0, input: 'ababb', groups: { foo: 'b' } ]
> 'abab'.match(/x/)
null


match(regExp: RegExp): string[] | null ^ES3
If flag /g of regExp is set, .match() returns either an Array with all matches or null if there was no match.
> 'ababb'.match(/a(b+)/g)
[ 'ab', 'abb' ]
> 'ababb'.match(/a(?<foo>b+)/g)
[ 'ab', 'abb' ]
> 'abab'.match(/x/g)
null


normalize(form: 'NFC'|'NFD'|'NFKC'|'NFKD' = 'NFC'): string  ^ES6
Normalizes this according to the Unicode Normalization Forms.


padEnd(len: number, fillString=' '): string ^ES2017
Appends fillString to this until it has the desired length len.
> '#'.padEnd(2)
'# '
> 'abc'.padEnd(2)
'abc'
> '#'.padEnd(5, 'abc')
'#abca'


padStart(len: number, fillString=' '): string ^ES2017
Prepends fillString to this until it has the desired length len.
> '#'.padStart(2)
' #'
> 'abc'.padStart(2)
'abc'
> '#'.padStart(5, 'abc')
'abca#'


repeat(count=0): string ^ES6
Returns a string that is this, repeated count times.
> '*'.repeat()
''
> '*'.repeat(3)
'***'


replace(searchValue: string | RegExp, replaceValue: string): string ^ES3
Replace matches of searchValue with replaceValue. If searchValue is a string, only the first verbatim occurrence is replaced. If searchValue is a regular expression without flag /g, only the first match is replaced. If searchValue is a regular expression with /g then all matches are replaced.
> 'x.x.'.replace('.', '#')
'x#x.'
> 'x.x.'.replace(/./, '#')
'#.x.'
> 'x.x.'.replace(/./g, '#')
'####'

Special characters in replaceValue are:

$$: becomes $
$n: becomes the capture of numbered group n (alas, $0 does not work)
$&: becomes the complete match
$`: becomes everything before the match
$': becomes everything after the match

Examples:
> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/([0-9]{4})-([0-9]{2})/, '|$2|')
'a |04| b'
> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/([0-9]{4})-([0-9]{2})/, '|$&|')
'a |2018-04| b'
> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/([0-9]{4})-([0-9]{2})/, '|$`|')
'a |a | b'

Named capture groups (ES2018) are supported, too:

$<name> becomes the capture of named group name

Example:
> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/(?<year>[0-9]{4})-(?<month>[0-9]{2})/, '|$<month>|')
'a |04| b'


replace(searchValue: string | RegExp, replacer: (substr: string, ...args: any[]) => string): string ^ES3
If the second parameter is a function occurrences are replaced with the strings it returns. Its parameters are:

all: the complete match
g1, g2, etc.: whatever was captured by numbered group 1, etc.
offset: where was the match found in the input string?
string: the whole input string

> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/([0-9]{4})-([0-9]{2})/, (all, year, month) => '|'+all+'|')
'a |2018-04| b'

Named capture groups (ES2018) are supported, too. If there are any, a last parameter contains an object whose properties contain the captures:
> const replacer = (...args) => { const groups=args.pop(); return '|'+groups.month+'|' };
> 'a 2018-04 b'.replace(/(?<year>[0-9]{4})-(?<month>[0-9]{2})/, replacer)
'a |04| b'


search(regExp: string | RegExp): number ^ES3
Returns the index at which regExp occurs within this. If regExp is a string, it is converted to a regular expression.
> 'a2b'.search(/[0-9]/)
1
> 'a2b'.search('[0-9]')
1


slice(start=0, end=this.length): string ^ES3
Returns the substring of this that starts at (including) index start and ends at (excluding) index end. You can use negative indices where -1 means this.length-1 (etc.).
> 'abc'.slice(1, 3)
'bc'
> 'abc'.slice(1)
'bc'
> 'abc'.slice(-2)
'bc'


split(separator: string | RegExp, limit?: number): string[] ^ES3
Splits this into an Array of substrings – the strings that occur between the separators. The separator can either be a string or a regular expression. Captures made by groups in the regular expression are included in the result.
> 'abc'.split('')
[ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
> 'a | b | c'.split('|')
[ 'a ', ' b ', ' c' ]

> 'a | b | c'.split(/ *\| */)
[ 'a', 'b', 'c' ]
> 'a | b | c'.split(/( *)\|( *)/)
[ 'a', ' ', ' ', 'b', ' ', ' ', 'c' ]


startsWith(searchString: string, startPos=0): boolean ^ES6
Returns true if this starts with searchString at index startPos and false, otherwise.
> '.gitignore'.startsWith('.')
true
> 'abc'.startsWith('bc', 1)
true


substring(start: number, end=this.length): string ^ES1
Use .slice() instead of this method. .substring() wasn’t implemented consistently in older engines and doesn’t support negative indices.


toUpperCase(): string ^ES1
Returns a copy of this in which all lowercase alphabetic characters are converted to uppercase. How well that works for various alphabets depends on the JavaScript engine.
> '-a2b-'.toUpperCase()
'-A2B-'
> 'αβγ'.toUpperCase()
'ΑΒΓ'


toLowerCase(): string ^ES1
Returns a copy of this in which all uppercase alphabetic characters are converted to lowercase. How well that works for various alphabets depends on the JavaScript engine.
> '-A2B-'.toLowerCase()
'-a2b-'
> 'ΑΒΓ'.toLowerCase()
'αβγ'


trim(): string ^ES5
Returns a copy of this in which all leading and trailing whitespace is removed.
> '\r\n# \t'.trim()
'#'


More information


String methods of various ECMAScript versions in detail: http://exploringjs.com

Sources


https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/blob/master/lib/lib.es6.d.ts
MDN
ECMAScript spec