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Scala's "type T in class C as seen from a prefix type S" with examples

Introduction

Recently, I found myself in need to precisely understand Scala's core typechecking rules. I was particulary interested in understanding rules responsible for typechecking signatures of members defined in classes (and all types derived from them). Scala Language Specification (SLS) contains definition of the rules but lacks any examples. The definition of the rules uses mutual recursion and nested switch-like constructs that make it hard to follow. I've written down examples together with explanation how specific set of rules (grouped thematically) is applied. These notes helped me gain confidence that I fully understand Scala's core typechecking algorithm.

As Seen From

Let's quote the Scala spec for As Seen From (ASF) rules numbered for an easier reference:

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from keras.layers import GRU, initializations, K

class GRULN(GRU):
    '''Gated Recurrent Unit with Layer Normalization
    Current impelemtation only works with consume_less = 'gpu' which is already
    set.

    # Arguments
        output_dim: dimension of the internal projections and the final output.
        ...: see GRU documentation for all other arguments.

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# Working example for my blog post at:
# http://danijar.com/introduction-to-recurrent-networks-in-tensorflow/
import functools
import sets
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.models.rnn import rnn_cell
from tensorflow.models.rnn import rnn


def lazy_property(function):

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import mesosphere.mesos.util.FrameworkInfo
import org.apache.mesos.MesosSchedulerDriver


/**
 * @author Tobi Knaup
 */

object Main extends App {