Syncing an Ethereum node is largely reliant on IOPS, I/O Per Second. Budget SSDs will struggle to an extent, and some won't be able to sync at all.
This document aims to snapshot some known good and known bad models.
For size, 4TB comes recommended as of mid 2024. The smaller 2TB drive should last an Ethereum full node until early 2025 or thereabouts, with crystal ball uncertainty.
High-level, QLC and DRAMless are far slower than "mainstream" SSDs. QLC has lower endurance as well. Any savings will be gone when the drive fails early and needs to be replaced.
Other than a slow SSD model, these are things that can slow IOPS down:
- Heat. Check with
smartctl -x; the SSD should be below 50C so it does not throttle. - TRIM not being allowed. This can happen with some hardware RAID controllers, as well as on macOS with non-Apple SSDs
- ZFS
- RAID5/6 - write amplification is no joke
- On SATA, the controller in UEFI/BIOS set to anything other than AHCI. Set it to AHCI for good performance.
If you haven't already, do turn off atime on your DB volume, it'll increase SSD lifetime and speed things up a little bit.
Some users have reported that NUC instability with certain drives can be cured by adding nvme_core.default_ps_max_latency_us=0 to their GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX kernel parameters via sudo nano /etc/default/grub and sudo update-grub. This keeps the drive from entering powersave states by itself.
The drive lists are ordered by interface and then by capacity and alphabetically by vendor name, not by preference. The lists are not exhaustive at all. @mwpastore linked a filterable spreadsheet in comments that has a far greater variety of drives and their characteristics. Filter it by DRAM yes, NAND Type TLC, Form Factor M.2, and desired capacity.
"Mainstream" and "Performance" drive models that can sync mainnet execution layer clients in a reasonable amount of time. Use M.2 NVMe if your machine supports it.
Note that in some cases older "Performance" PCIe 4 drives can be bought at a lower price than a PCIe 3 "Mainstream" drive - shop around.
- Often on sale: Teamgroup MP34
- Higher endurance (TBW) than most: Seagate Firecuda 530, WD Red SN700
- Lowest power draw: SK Hynix P31 Gold - was a great choice for Rock5 B and other low-power devices, but 2TB only
We've started crowd-sourcing some IOPS numbers. If you want to join the fun, run fio --randrepeat=1 --ioengine=libaio --direct=1 --gtod_reduce=1 --name=test --filename=test --bs=4k --iodepth=64 --size=150G --readwrite=randrw --rwmixread=75 and give us the read and write IOPS. Don't forget to rm test after.
M.2 NVMe "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 3, 4TB drives
- Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
- Team MP34, between 94k/31k and 118k/39k r/w IOPS
- WD Red SN700, 141k/47k r/w IOPS
M.2 NVMe "Performance" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 4 or 5, 4TB drives
- Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
- Acer GM7000 "Predator", 125k/41k r/w IOPS
- ADATA XPG Gammix S70, 272k/91k r/w IOPS
- Corsair Force MP600 Pro and variants (but not "MP600 Core XT")
- Kingston KC3000, 377k/126k r/w IOPS
- Kingston Fury Renegade
- Mushkin Redline Vortex (but not LX)
- Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus
- Sabrent Rocket 4 Plus-G
- Samsung 990 Pro, 124k/41k r/w IOPS - there are reports of 990 Pro rapidly losing health. A firmware update to 1B2QJXD7 is meant to stop the rapid degradation, but won't reverse any that happened on earlier firmware.
- Seagate Firecuda 530, 218k/73k r/w IOPS
- Teamgroup MP44, 105k/35k r/w IOPS - caution that this is DRAMless and uses a Host Memory Buffer (HMB), yet appears to perform fine.
- WD Black SN850X, 4TB 101k/33k r/w IOPS
M.2 NVMe "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 3, 2TB drives
- Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
- AData XPG Gammix S11/SX8200 Pro. Several hardware revisions. It's slower than some QLC drives. 68k/22k r/w IOPS
- AData XPG Gammix S50 Lite
- HP EX950
- Mushkin Pilot-E
- Samsung 970 EVO Plus 2TB, pre-rework (firmware 2B2QEXM7). 140k/46k r/w IOPS
- Samsung 970 EVO Plus 2TB, post-rework (firmware 3B2QEXM7 or 4B2QEXM7). In testing this syncs just as quickly as the pre-rework drive
- SK Hynix P31 Gold
- WD Black SN750 (but not SN750 SE)
M.2 NVMe "Performance" - TLC, DRAM, PCIe 4 or 5, 2TB drives
- Any data center/enterprise NVMe SSD
- Crucial P5 Plus
- Kingston KC2000
- Samsung 980 Pro (not 980) - a firmware update to 5B2QGXA7 is necessary to keep them from dying, if they are firmware 3B2QGXA7. Samsung's boot Linux is a bit broken, you may want to flash from your own Linux.
- SK Hynix P41 Platinum / Solidigm P44 Pro, 99k/33k r/w IOPS
- WD Black SN850
- Any baremetal/dedicated server service
- AWS i3en.(2)xlarge or is4gen.xlarge
- AWS gp3 w/ >=10k IOPS provisioned and an m7i/a.xlarge
These "Budget" drive models are reportedly too slow to sync (all) mainnet execution layer clients.
- AData S40G/SX8100 4TB, QLC - the 2TB model is TLC and should be fine; 4TB is reportedly too slow
- Crucial P1, QLC - users report it can't sync Nethermind
- Crucial P2 and P3 (Plus), QLC and DRAMless - users report it can't sync Nethermind, 27k/9k r/w IOPS
- Kingston NV1 - probably QLC and DRAMless and thus too slow on 2TB, but could be "anything" as Kingston do not guarantee specific components.
- Kingston NV2 - like NV1 no guaranteed components
- WD Green SN350, QLC and DRAMless
- Anything both QLC and DRAMless will likely not be able to sync at all or not be able to consistently keep up with "chain head"
- Crucial BX500 SATA, HP S650 SATA, probably most SATA budget drives
- Samsung 980, DRAMless - unsure, this may belong in "Ugly". If you have one and can say for sure, please come to ethstaker Discord.
- Samsung T7 USB, even with current firmware
"Budget" drive models that reportedly can sync mainnet execution layer clients, if slowly.
Note that QLC drives usually have a markedly lower TBW than TLC, and will fail earlier.
- Corsair MP400, QLC
- Inland Professional 3D NAND, QLC
- Intel 660p, QLC. It's faster than some "mainstream" drives. 98k/33k r/w IOPS
- Seagata Barracuda Q5, QLC
- WD Black SN770, DRAMless
- Samsung 870 QVO SATA, QLC
2.5" SATA "Mainstream" - TLC, DRAM
- These have been moved to "ugly" because there are user reports that only Nimbus/Geth will now sync on SATA, and even that takes 3 days. It looks like after Dencun, NVMe is squarely the way to go.
- Any data center/enterprise SATA SSD
- Crucial MX500 SATA, 46k/15k r/w IOPS
- Samsung 860 EVO SATA, 55k/18k r/w IOPS
- Samsung 870 EVO SATA, 63k/20k r/w IOPS
- WD Blue 3D NAND SATA
- Contabo SSD - reportedly able to sync Geth 1.13.0 and Nethermind, if slowly
- Netcup VPS Servers - reportedly able to sync Geth 1.13.0 and Nethermind, if slowly
- Contabo NVMe - fast enough but not enough space. 800 GiB is not sufficient.
- Netcup RS Servers. Reportedly fast enough to sync Nethermind or Geth; still no speed demon.
The main thing this will accomplish is quadruple the failure rate and make it more difficult to change the size if ever desired, as CloneZilla doesn’t understand lvm or raid0.
Fast enough is fast enough. On a single drive Geth syncs in 6 hours and Nethermind can attest after 2h. Steady state both are well under 500ms for new blocks.