| Latency Comparison Numbers | |
| -------------------------- | |
| L1 cache reference 0.5 ns | |
| Branch mispredict 5 ns | |
| L2 cache reference 7 ns 14x L1 cache | |
| Mutex lock/unlock 25 ns | |
| Main memory reference 100 ns 20x L2 cache, 200x L1 cache | |
| Compress 1K bytes with Zippy 3,000 ns 3 us | |
| Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network 10,000 ns 10 us | |
| Read 4K randomly from SSD* 150,000 ns 150 us ~1GB/sec SSD | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from memory 250,000 ns 250 us | |
| Round trip within same datacenter 500,000 ns 500 us | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD* 1,000,000 ns 1,000 us 1 ms ~1GB/sec SSD, 4X memory | |
| Disk seek 10,000,000 ns 10,000 us 10 ms 20x datacenter roundtrip | |
| Read 1 MB sequentially from disk 20,000,000 ns 20,000 us 20 ms 80x memory, 20X SSD | |
| Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA 150,000,000 ns 150,000 us 150 ms | |
| Notes | |
| ----- | |
| 1 ns = 10^-9 seconds | |
| 1 us = 10^-6 seconds = 1,000 ns | |
| 1 ms = 10^-3 seconds = 1,000 us = 1,000,000 ns | |
| Credit | |
| ------ | |
| By Jeff Dean: http://research.google.com/people/jeff/ | |
| Originally by Peter Norvig: http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers | |
| Contributions | |
| ------------- | |
| Some updates from: https://gist.github.com/2843375 | |
| 'Humanized' comparison: https://gist.github.com/2843375 | |
| Visual comparison chart: http://i.imgur.com/k0t1e.png | |
| Animated presentation: http://prezi.com/pdkvgys-r0y6/latency-numbers-for-programmers-web-development/latency.txt |
I agree, would be fun to see. :-)
useful information & thanks
Looks nice kudos !
One comment about the Branch mispredict: if the cpu architecture is based on P4 or Bulldozer that would result in 20-30+ cycles on a mispredict that would translate to a much bigger number (and they do mispredict) :)
For SSD's would be something like:
Disk seek: 100 000 ns
Latency numbers between large cities: https://wondernetwork.com/pings/
@preinheimer Asia & Australasia have it bad.
From the same author: http://videolectures.net/wsdm09_dean_cblirs/
"Latency numbers every programmer should know" - yet naturally, it has no information about humans!
maybe you want to incorporate some of this: https://gist.github.com/2843375
Curious to see numbers for SSD read time
I think the reference you want to cite is here: http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers
This remind me of this Grace Hopper's video about Nanoseconds. Really worthy.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEpsKnWZrJ8
I find comparisons much more useful than raw numbers: https://gist.github.com/2844130
I'm surprised that mechanical disk reads are only 80x the speed of main memory reads.
my version : https://gist.github.com/2842457 includes SSD number, would love some more
Does L1 and L2 cache latency depends on processor type? and what about L3 cache.
Ofc it does ... those are averages I think.
Would be nice to right-align the numbers so people can more easily compare orders of magnitude.
Good idea. Fixed.
And expanded even a bit more: https://gist.github.com/2845836 (SSD numbers, relative comparisons, more links)
TLB misses would be nice to list too, so people see the value of large pages...
Context switches (for various OSes), ...
Also, regarding packet sends, that must be latency from send initiation to send completion -- I assume.
If you're going to list mutex lock/unlock, how about memory barriers?
Thanks! This is quite useful, particularly for flogging at others.
Quick pie chart of data with scales in time (1 sec -> 9.5 years) for fun.
"Read 1 MB sequentially from disk - 20,000,000 ns". Is this with or without disk seek time?
I made a fusion table for this at:
https://www.google.com/fusiontables/DataSource?snapid=S523155yioc
Maybe be helpful for graphing, etc. Thanks for putting this together
Cool. Thanks.
Thanks everyone for all the great improvements.
Here is a chart version. It's a bit hard to read, but I hope it conveys the perspective.
http://i.imgur.com/k0t1e.png
It would also be very interesting to add memory allocation timings to that : )
How long does it take before this shows up in XKCD?
You guys are talking about is the powers of ten http://vimeo.com/819138
If it does show up on xkcd it will be next to a gigantic "How much time it takes for a human to react to any results", hopefully with the intent to show people that any USE of this knowledge should be tempered with an understanding of what it will be used for--possibly showing how getting a bit from the cache is pretty much identical to getting a bit from china when it comes to a single fetch of information to show a human being.
@BillKress yes, this is specifically for Programmers, to make sure they have an understanding about the bottlenecks involved in programming. If you know these numbers, you know that you need to cut down on disk access before cutting down on in-memory shuffling.
If you don't properly follow these numbers and what they stand for, you will make programs that don't scale well. That is why they are important on their own and (in this context) should not be dwarfed by human reaction times.
@BillKress If we were only concerned with showing information to a single human being at a time we could just as well shut down our development machines and go out into the sun and play. This is about scalability.
this is getting out of hand, how do i unsubscribe from this gist?
Saw this via @smashingmag . While you guys debate the fit for purpose, here is another visualization of your quick reference latency data with Prezi ow.ly/bnB7q
Does anybody know how to stop receiving notifications from a gist's activity?
Here's a tool to visualize these numbers over time: http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html
I just created flash cards for this: https://ankiweb.net/shared/info/3116110484 They can be downloaded using the Anki application: http://ankisrs.net
I'm also missing something like "Send 1MB bytes over 1 Gbps network (within datacenter over TCP)". Or does that vary so much that it would be impossible to specify?
If L1 access is a second, then:
L1 cache reference : 0:00:01
Branch mispredict : 0:00:10
L2 cache reference : 0:00:14
Mutex lock/unlock : 0:00:50
Main memory reference : 0:03:20
Compress 1K bytes with Zippy : 1:40:00
Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network : 5:33:20
Read 4K randomly from SSD : 3 days, 11:20:00
Read 1 MB sequentially from memory : 5 days, 18:53:20
Round trip within same datacenter : 11 days, 13:46:40
Read 1 MB sequentially from SSD : 23 days, 3:33:20
Disk seek : 231 days, 11:33:20
Read 1 MB sequentially from disk : 462 days, 23:06:40
Send packet CA->Netherlands->CA : 3472 days, 5:20:00
You can add LTO4 tape seek/access time, ~ 55 sec, or 55.000.000.000 ns
I'm missing things like sending 1K via Unix pipe/ socket / tcp to another process.
Has anybody numbers about that?
@metakeule its easily measurable.
Related page from "Systems Performance" with similar second scaling mentioned by @kofemann: https://twitter.com/rzezeski/status/398306728263315456/photo/1
L1D hit on a modern Intel CPU (Nehalem+) is at least 4 cycles. For a typical server/desktop at 2.5Ghz it is at least 1.6ns.
Fastest L2 hit latency is 11 cycles(Sandy Bridge+) which is 2.75x not 14x.
May be the numbers by Norwig were true at some time, but at least caches latency numbers are pretty constant since Nehalem which was 6 years ago.
Please note that Peter Norvig first published this expanded version (at that location - http://norvig.com/21-days.html#answers) ~JUL2010 (see wayback machine). Also, note that it was "Approximate timing for various operations on a typical PC".
One light-nanosecond is roughly a foot, which is considerably less than the distance to my monitor right now. It's kind of surprising to realize just how much a CPU can get done in the time it takes light to traverse the average viewing distance...
@jboner, I would like to cite some numbers in a formal publication. Who is the author? Jeff Dean? Which url should I cite? Thanks.
I'd like to see the number for "Append 1 MB to file on disk".
The "Send 1K bytes over 1 Gbps network" doesn't feel right, if you were comparing the 1MB sequential read of memory, SSD, Disk, the Gbps network for 1MB would be faster than disk (x1024), that doesn't feel right.
A great solar system type visualisation: http://joshworth.com/dev/pixelspace/pixelspace_solarsystem.html
I turned this into a set of flashcards on Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/_1iqyko
Can you update the the Notes section with the following
1 ns = 10^-9 seconds
1 ms = 10^-3 seconds
Thanks.
@misgeatgit Updated
Zippy is nowadays called snappy. Might be worth updating. Tx for the gist.
Several of the recent comments are spam. The links lead to sites in India which have absolutely nothing to do with latency.
Are there any numbers about latency between NUMA nodes?
Sequential SSD speed is actually more like 500 MB/s, not 1000 MB/s for SATA drives (http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/ssd-recommendation-benchmark,3269.html).
You really should cite the folks at Berkeley. Their site is interactive, has been up for 20 years, and it is where you "sourced" your visualization. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html
Question~ do these numbers not vary from one set of hardware to the next? How can these be accurate for all different types of RAM, CPU, motherboard, hard drive, etc?
(I am primarily a front-end JS dev, I know little-to-nothing about this side of programming, where one must consider numbers involving RAM and CPU. Forgive me if I'm missing something obvious.)
The link to the animated presentation is broken, here's the correct one: http://prezi.com/pdkvgys-r0y6/latency-numbers-for-programmers-web-development
Love this one.
need a solar system type visualization for this, so we can really appreciate the change of scale.