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Rsync over SSH - (40MB/s over 1GB NICs)
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Documentation.md

The fastest remote directory rsync over ssh archival I can muster (40MB/s over 1gb NICs)

This creates an archive that does the following:

rsync (Everyone seems to like -z, but it is much slower for me)

  • a: archive mode - rescursive, preserves owner, preserves permissions, preserves modification times, preserves group, copies symlinks as symlinks, preserves device files.
  • H: preserves hard-links
  • A: preserves ACLs
  • X: preserves extended attributes
  • x: don't cross file-system boundaries
  • v: increase verbosity
  • --numeric-ds: don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
  • --delete: delete extraneous files from dest dirs (differential clean-up during sync)
  • --progress: show progress during transfer

ssh

  • T: turn off pseudo-tty to decrease cpu load on destination.
  • c arcfour: use the weakest but fastest SSH encryption. Must specify "Ciphers arcfour" in sshd_config on destination.
  • o Compression=no: Turn off SSH compression.
  • x: turn off X forwarding if it is on by default.

Original

rsync -aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e "ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x" user@<source>:<source_dir> <dest_dir>

Flip

rsync -aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e "ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x" [source_dir] [dest_host:/dest_dir]
Raw
SSHrsync.sh
rsync -aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e "ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x" user@<source>:<source_dir> <dest_dir>
@hollodk

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@hollodk hollodk commented Nov 20, 2013

thanks.. you just saved me a few hours.
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@reox reox commented Dec 25, 2013

nice, got up to 64MB/s over Gbit Network.
faster is only the direct netcat approach (about 80MB/s):
on the sending side: tar -c /path/to/data | nc -q 10 12345
on the receiving side: nc -w 10 -l -p 12345 | tar -x
but thats obviously unencrypted.
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@cleytonferrari cleytonferrari commented Mar 19, 2014

Muito Obrigado!
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@TheMengzor TheMengzor commented Jul 6, 2014

MAAAAAAAAD!
Thank you so much!
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@reox reox commented Oct 12, 2014

by the way: i could observe 110MB/s with intel NICs and SSD to SSD transfer. So the real bottleneck is only your harddisk
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@gozoinks gozoinks commented Jan 25, 2015

Hard disk performance is not remotely the only bottleneck. Encryption and compression algorithms have wildly varying performance as well. All else being equal, SSD or no, using faster/lighter encryption and faster or no compression can improve payload throughput considerably. And it has as much to do with the material being transferred as anything else, particularly if the source is difficult to compress or encrypt. These things can't be trivialized, and careful attention to SSH options can be very important for performance.

Thanks to the OP. T c o and x are valuable options to use for bulk transfers.
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@denji denji commented Mar 2, 2015 

ciphers arcfour256,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com
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@bubenkoff bubenkoff commented Mar 8, 2015

thanks a lot for this gist!
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@priyadarshan priyadarshan commented Mar 20, 2015

If you use the rsync:// protocol scheme (i.e. when you connect to a rsyncd daemon) then no encryption will be used (although password authentication is done using a MD4-based challenge-response system and is probably still reasonably secure). See: http://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/191249/understanding-why-such-a-discrepancy-in-network-transfer
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@rickw rickw commented May 28, 2015

Thanks, MacPro to Ubuntu Box is going at 100+MB/s
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@KevinMKorb KevinMKorb commented Jul 22, 2015

I understand the desire for using a weak cipher on an internal network but at least use arcfour128. It has essentially the same performance as arcfour (both are 128-bit) but the random session key will actually be random rather than guessable.
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@mmitchell816 mmitchell816 commented Aug 5, 2015

Thanks for this. I was only using vaHz flags and was getting about 15MB between two server each with 8 HDDs, now I'm hitting 100MB+. This just saved me days off my transfer. And thats without changing sshd_config on the remote server. Not that it would help at this point since I'm nearly maxing out the Gig link.
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@gpmcadamold gpmcadamold commented Aug 12, 2015

@KartikTalwar This is a life-saver, thanks. However, there's a typo in the description:

--numeric-ds

Should be:

--numeric-ids
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@2manydjs 2manydjs commented Aug 26, 2015

Unfortunately I did not get the same improvement between my OS X box and Synology NAS. In specific -e "ssh -c arcfour -o Compression=no" will make it slow down from 17MB/s to 13MB/s (on Gbit).
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@kedare kedare commented Aug 30, 2015

Got 80MB/s between OS X and a Proliant Microserver n40l :)
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@kroko23 kroko23 commented Dec 13, 2015

I think is faster to mount remote server with nfs and do rsync locally.
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@AntonMay AntonMay commented Jan 5, 2016

41,200,648,192 100% 94.87MB/s 0:06:54

Awesome!!!!
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@minhaz1 minhaz1 commented Jan 10, 2016

I was able to get around 100 MB/s running rsync in daemon mode in parallel w/ 4 processes, transferring around 1.5 million 800kb files. I'm confident that the 1 Gbps nic was the bottleneck since we have really fast Virident SSD's. With 10-gig nic I probably could get several hundred MB/s.
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@aflyhorse aflyhorse commented Feb 25, 2016

Since OpenSSH 6.7, the "arcfour" cipher was disabled by default. For example, the sshd ship with Debian Jessie:

ssh -c arcfour sso
Unable to negotiate with x.x.x.x: no matching cipher found. Their offer: aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com

For newer hardware (both sides have CPU with AES-NI), I recommend "aes128-gcm@openssh.com" as an alternative.
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@kosir kosir commented Mar 10, 2016

Kudos! Works perfectly, super fast! 👍
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@kosir kosir commented Mar 10, 2016

How to exclude (for example) hidden directories? Anything I tried doesn't work.
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@Fossil01 Fossil01 commented May 18, 2016

Sped my transfer up from ~10 MB/s to 30 MB/s from SATA RAID-1 to SATA RAID-1. Will try later with SSD to SSD.
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@mautematico mautematico commented Jun 10, 2016

sent 1,078 bytes received 167,802 bytes 48,251.43 bytes/sec, over Internet.

My server does not support arcfour, so I removed that option. :)
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@stefancrain stefancrain commented Jul 19, 2016 •
edited

Great notes @KartikTalwar! I skip compression on filetypes that I know are encrypted and not worth the CPU time to compress. As a result transfers move much fast on my machines.

export RSYNC_SKIP_COMPRESS=3fr/3g2/3gp/3gpp/7z/aac/ace/amr/apk/appx/appxbundle/arc/arj/arw/asf/avi/bz2/cab/cr2/crypt[5678]/dat/dcr/deb/dmg/drc/ear/erf/flac/flv/gif/gpg/gz/iiq/iso/jar/jp2/jpeg/jpg/k25/kdc/lz/lzma/lzo/m4[apv]/mef/mkv/mos/mov/mp[34]/mpeg/mp[gv]/msi/nef/oga/ogg/ogv/opus/orf/pef/png/qt/rar/rpm/rw2/rzip/s7z/sfx/sr2/srf/svgz/t[gb]z/tlz/txz/vob/wim/wma/wmv/xz/zip
rsync --skip-compress=$RSYNC_SKIP_COMPRESS .....

Cheers!
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@RedShift1 RedShift1 commented Jul 30, 2016

Nice
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@gabrielfsousa gabrielfsousa commented Aug 17, 2016

thanks a lot
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@rorymcdaniel rorymcdaniel commented Sep 5, 2016

Wow, thanks for sharing these, I can't believe how much faster it is.
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@therealmarv therealmarv commented Sep 16, 2016

for a Mac to Linux transfer it's useful to use other options. Arcfour is not available for most new machines anymore and UTF-8 on OS X is different than UTF-8 on Linux (important if you have Umlauts like Germans, Samba/NFS will fail otherwise). My command if both (Mac & Linux) machines support AES on their processors and you want to transfer from Mac to Linux:

rsync -rltv --progress --human-readable --delete --iconv=utf-8-mac,utf-8 -e 'ssh -T -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x' <local_mac_source> <remote_linux_dest>

reverse the iconv option if you want to transfer from Linux to Mac.
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@klein0r klein0r commented Oct 26, 2016

Well done! Thanks a lot :) Speeds up a copy process from Synology NAS to NAS a lot!
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@HaniKali HaniKali commented Dec 15, 2016

Mac-mini:~ hani2$ rsync -a -v --remove-source-files --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e "ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x" /Users/hani2/Desktop/3TB/Stand\ Up\ Comedy/ /Users/hani2/Desktop/DOCO+STANDUP/Stand\ Up\ Comedy/
building file list ...
188 files to consider
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^Crsync error: received SIGINT, SIGTERM, or SIGHUP (code 20) at /BuildRoot/Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/rsync/rsync-51/rsync/rsync.c(244) [sender=2.6.9]

THANKS MAN THAT TOOK A SECOND BEFORE I REALISED WHAT HAPPENED NO WARNING ALL THAT DATA GONE...
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@casmarc casmarc commented Dec 16, 2016

That why you dont just paste anything you read on the internet in your terminal. LOL
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@pando85 pando85 commented Dec 24, 2016

To allow arcfour cipher:

sshd config

Add at the end of /etc/sshd_config file:

# enable all ciphers!
# obtained with ssh -Q cipher localhost | paste -d , -s
Ciphers 3des-cbc,blowfish-cbc,cast128-cbc,arcfour,arcfour128,arcfour256,aes128-cbc,aes192-cbc,aes256-cbc,rijndael-cbc@lysator.liu.se,aes128-ctr,aes192-ctr,aes256-ctr,aes128-gcm@openssh.com,aes256-gcm@openssh.com,chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com
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@claytondukes claytondukes commented Jan 4, 2017

I'm only getting marginally better transfers. Would anyone happen to know why?

here's what I have:

# Rsync options:
src='user@host:/dir/'
dest='/dir/'
excludefile='/root/.ignore-sync'
deleteOld="--delete-before --delete-excluded --max-delete=50"
options=(-aHAXxv --progress --partial --append --stats --min-size=1 --prune-empty-dirs --numeric-ids ${deleteOld} --exclude-from=${excludefile} ${limit} -e 'ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x')

rsync "${options[@]}" ${src} ${dest}

Prior to using your settings, I used:

syncCmd="rsync -rltvhm --progress --partial --append --stats --min-size=1 --prune-empty-dirs ${deleteOld} --exclude-from=${excludefile} ${limit} ${src} ${dest}"

Before using yours I got around 4mbps
now I get around 6mbps.
As you can see below, I should have plenty of bandwidth.

Link speedtests
Host (Upload Speed used here):

# speedtest-cli
Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
Testing from Google Fiber (136.x.x.x)...
Retrieving speedtest.net server list...
Selecting best server based on ping...
Hosted by Google Fiber: 18.029 ms
Testing download speed................................................................................
Download: 477.76 Mbit/s
Testing upload speed....................................................................................................
Upload: 173.21 Mbit/s

Client (Download Speed used here):

# speedtest-cli
Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
Retrieving speedtest.net server list...
Testing from XFINITY (73.x.x.x)...
Selecting best server based on latency...
Hosted by CenturyLink, Inc: 47.933 ms
Testing download speed........................................
Download: 85.72 Mbit/s
Testing upload speed..................................................
Upload: 11.77 Mbit/s
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@thesandbender thesandbender commented Mar 21, 2017 •
edited

arcfour (RC4) is disabled for a reason. There are known, working exploits against it that allow RC4 encrypted data to be deciphered. If you have a AMD or Intel CPU that was made after 2010-2011 it probably supports AES-NI and you're better off using that as @aflyhorse suggested. You should never intentionally weaken a system's security, even if "it's just for a little bit".
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@henryx henryx commented May 25, 2017

Use -P instead --progress, because this is equivalent for --progress --partial
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@toloveru toloveru commented Jun 17, 2017 •
edited

Thanks a lot! Backup speeds to my local server improved significantly! Now it hits 60 MB/s easily 😀
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@dukelambert dukelambert commented Jun 28, 2017

Really thanks for this post, the transfer rate is improved up to 90 MB/s . I'd like to know how to place '--exclude /backup/somedir' in the string because it doesn't work. Thanks in advance.
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@ktavabi ktavabi commented Aug 20, 2017

Thanks for this! I hit >60 MB/S rates without the weak SSH cipher. Don't think -c arcfour is really necessary.
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@denysvitali denysvitali commented Nov 26, 2017

@HaniKali Same here ahah. That's why you shouldn't copy & paste random commands from the internet. I assumed --delete was used to delete remote files once they were synced. I "lost" 200+ GB of music files on my Plex server, but I have a backup, so it isn't really a big deal 🤣
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@tomrunia tomrunia commented Nov 29, 2017

Since -c arcfour is considered obsolete, using -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com is probably fastest.

rsync -aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e "ssh -T -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x" [source_directory] user@hostname:[target_directory]/

See these encryption benchmark results: https://famzah.files.wordpress.com/2015/06/openssh-ciphers-performance-2015-chart.jpg
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@janmd janmd commented Dec 6, 2017

Hi,

currently transferring from one server to another of 1.5TB. I use this command

rsync -av --progress /home/user/public_html/* :/home/user/public_html/

I started it around 6hrs ago. Source server is having 100Mbit port speed. Destination is having 1Gbit. I issue the command from the source server.

I checked my server output bandwidth and it reports average 25Mbps for the last 4hrs

Is it still worth stopping it and using this command?

Also, I have no existing backup. Will this command remove the source? Im a bit worried because of the post by HaniKali.

This is my first time using rsync and I don't want to lose anything from source.

Can someone confirm if this will not delete my source? What happened to HaniKali? Why his files was deleted by using the command?

Thanks
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@okhosting okhosting commented Dec 7, 2017

Very usefull post, thanks!
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@genokan genokan commented Dec 9, 2017

@janmd..

Read the man page to understand what each thing is doing.

   --delete
          This tells rsync to delete extraneous files from the receiving side (ones that aren’t on the sending side), but only for the directories that are being synchronized.  You must have asked
          rsync  to  send the whole directory (e.g. "dir" or "dir/") without using a wildcard for the directory’s contents (e.g. "dir/*") since the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus
          gets a request to transfer individual files, not the files’ parent directory.  Files that are excluded from the transfer  are  also  excluded  from  being  deleted  unless  you  use  the
          --delete-excluded option or mark the rules as only matching on the sending side (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).

          Prior to rsync 2.6.7, this option would have no effect unless --recursive was enabled.  Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will also occur when --dirs (-d) is enabled, but only for directo‐
          ries whose contents are being copied.

          This option can be dangerous if used incorrectly!  It is a very good idea to first try a run using the --dry-run option (-n) to see what files are going to be deleted.

          If the sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of any files at the destination will be automatically disabled. This is to prevent temporary filesystem  failures  (such  as
          NFS errors) on the sending side from causing a massive deletion of files on the destination.  You can override this with the --ignore-errors option.

          The  --delete  option  may be combined with one of the --delete-WHEN options without conflict, as well as --delete-excluded.  However, if none of the --delete-WHEN options are specified,
          rsync will choose the --delete-during algorithm when talking to rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and the --delete-before algorithm when talking to an  older  rsync.   See  also  --delete-delay  and
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@alinz alinz commented Jan 20, 2018

Just want to say awesome. Thank you, I manage to upload really fast on very slow connection!
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@felixlindemann felixlindemann commented Feb 14, 2018 •
edited

Thank you! made my Day. Improved speed by the factor of 8.5 :-D
I had to modify it slightly to my setup qnap (new device) wdmycloud(old device) as the encryption wasn't accepted

you can find my version here
rsync -rtXx --numeric-ids --progress -e "ssh -T -c aes128-ctr -o Compression=no -x" <user>@<ip>:/<source-path>/ /<dest.path>/
https://gist.github.com/felixlindemann/dfee61a20bbd838cdb26f44cc5552404
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@jjuanmera jjuanmera commented Mar 22, 2018

I was looking a way to speed up the transfer between mac os and Raspberry pi. This message is after input the password:

rsync: on remote machine: -vlHogDtpAXrxe.iLsfx: unknown option
rsync error: syntax or usage error (code 1) at /BuildRoot/Library/Caches/com.apple.xbs/Sources/rsync/rsync-47/rsync/main.c(1333) [server=2.6.9]
rsync: connection unexpectedly closed (0 bytes received so far) [Receiver]
rsync error: error in rsync protocol data stream (code 12) at io.c(226) [Receiver=3.1.1]

Any ideas? Thanks
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@tufahu tufahu commented May 3, 2018

thank you! very good hints!
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@win4me win4me commented May 10, 2018 •
edited

Comparing the methods in dust-free lab over the 10 Gbit "jumbo frame" network link:

-   13.6 MB/s  rsync -az 
-   16.7 MB/s  scp -Cr
-   44.8 MB/s  rsync -a 
-   59.8 MB/s  sftp
-   61.2 MB/s  scp -r 
-   61.4 MB/s  sftp  -R 128 -B 65536
-   62.4 MB/s  rsync -a -P -e "ssh -T -c arcfour -o Compression=no -x"
-  143.5 MB/s  scp -r -c arcfour
-  144.2 MB/s  sftp -oCiphers=arcfour

Read details of the benchmark test, commands, and output in my post: http://nz2nz.blogspot.com/2018/05/rsync-scp-sftp-speed-test.html
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@teusbenschop teusbenschop commented Jun 6, 2018

Thank you, the speedup makes a good difference!
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@danielmotaleite danielmotaleite commented Jul 12, 2018

If you can, please put the --delete descripiton in bold and with a bigger warming, so people like HaniKali so not remove delete valid content.

There are always people that just copy&paste, with bigger warnings is totally their fault!
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@Cho1409 Cho1409 commented Jul 13, 2018

Witchcraft! Thank you!
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@areeb111 areeb111 commented Aug 6, 2018

Thank you, I got 110MB/s same as your command but only with rsync -av and ssh attributes
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@seandex seandex commented Aug 22, 2018

is arcfour even possible in 2018?

cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep aes
if you have it then use AES ciphers.
moreover, if both-end have it, you can achieve it up to 900Mbps.
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@harish2704 harish2704 commented Aug 23, 2018

Thanks for sharing this information.

I tried this and this is what I understood.

  • Network bandwidth utilization doesn't represent amount of data transferred.
  • When I was using this script, I got 90Mb/s network usage and 11MB/s data transfer.
  • When I removed -o compression=no from ssh , data transfer increased to 20MB/s
  • When I enabled z option in rsync datatransfer rate increased to 29MB/s ( and network utilization was 60Mb/s )

Lesson learned:

  • This script may be helpful to when we have un-compressible data and we have Gigabit NIC.
  • but when network becomes bottleneck and/or your data is compressible , this method may not work well.
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@scottinan scottinan commented Sep 13, 2018

Thanks! From an SSD mdadm array on ext4 to a ZFS raid z2 with 2TBs spinning disks I'm getting maxing out at 1GB lol gonna have to set up a bonded interface! 👍
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@sjuxax sjuxax commented Sep 22, 2018

is arcfour even possible in 2018?

cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep aes
if you have it then use AES ciphers.
moreover, if both-end have it, you can achieve it up to 900Mbps.

arcfour is not compiled in to my OpenSSH daemon. chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com is the modern replacement. I get ~100MB/s with that v. capping out around 40MB/s with default ciphers (AES).
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@88plug 88plug commented Oct 1, 2018 •
edited

rsync -av --progress -e "ssh -T -c aes128-ctr -o Compression=no -x" source/ user@x.x.x.x:/destination

The key is leaving off the compression (-z) and using aes128-ctr on Ubuntu 18 (latest cipher support)
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@MBetters MBetters commented Dec 4, 2018 •
edited

I'm using this script. It gets rid of the extended attributes ("-X" flag) if you're running this on Windows. It also uses the aes128-gcm cipher in the likely case that your openssh installation doesn't include arcfour.

#!/bin/bash
# Fast rsync command

# Set the RSYNC_ARGS.
UNAME="$(uname -s)"
case "${UNAME}" in 
    Linux* | Darwin*)
        RSYNC_ARGS="-aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e"
    ;;
    # Windows filesystems do not support extended attributes (the "-X" option)
    CYGWIN* | MINGW*)
        RSYNC_ARGS="-aHAxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress -e"
    ;;
    *)
        echo "ERROR: Running on unknown system! Exiting!"
        return 1
    ;;
esac

# Set the SSH_ARGS
SSH_ARGS="-T -o -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com Compression=no -x"

# Get the rest of the args from the caller
USER=$1
SOURCE=$2
SOURCE_DIR=$3
DEST_DIR=$4

rsync $RSYNC_ARGS "ssh $SSH_ARGS" $USER@$SOURCE:$SOURCE_DIR $DEST_DIR
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@rfjakob rfjakob commented May 11, 2019 •
edited

I benchmarked this a little bit with 1GB of random data, modern software (Fedora 30) on a CPU that does NOT have AES acceleration. Test data:

dd if=/dev/urandom of=/tmp/1g bs=1M count=1024

rsync default settings -> 22.71MB/s

rsync -P /tmp/1g 127.0.0.1:/tmp/1g.2

disably tty allocation -> 20.39MB/s

rsync -P /tmp/1g -e "ssh -T" 127.0.0.1:/tmp/1g.2

disable compression -> 193.42MB/s

rsync -P /tmp/1g -e "ssh -o Compression=no" 127.0.0.1:/tmp/1g.2

scp -> 109.9MB/s

scp -o Compression=no /tmp/1g 127.0.0.1:/tmp/1g.2

Conclusion

Disable compression, but don't bother with arcfour, even without AES acceleration you'll be faster that gigabit ethernet. Disabling tty allocation had no effect in my testing. Scp is significantly slower than rsync.

Running ssh -v SERVER you'll what cipher is used:

debug1: kex: server->client cipher: aes256-gcm@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none
debug1: kex: client->server cipher: aes256-gcm@openssh.com MAC: <implicit> compression: none

So we are using aes256-gcm, which fortunately is the same cipher that gocryptfs uses, so we can look at this benchmark table: https://github.com/rfjakob/gocryptfs/wiki/CPU-Benchmarks . You should basically get >100MB/s on any x86 CPU younger than 10 years.
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@deajan deajan commented Aug 14, 2019 •
edited

3fr/3g2/3gp/3gpp/7z/aac/ace/amr/apk/appx/appxbundle/arc/arj/arw/asf/avi/bz2/cab/cr2/crypt[5678]/dat/dcr/deb/dmg/drc/ear/erf/flac/flv/gif/gpg/gz/iiq/iso/jar/jp2/jpeg/jpg/k25/kdc/lz/lzma/lzo/m4[apv]/mef/mkv/mos/mov/mp[34]/mpeg/mp[gv]/msi/nef/oga/ogg/ogv/opus/orf/pef/png/qt/rar/rpm/rw2/rzip/s7z/sfx/sr2/srf/svgz/t[gb]z/tlz/txz/vob/wim/wma/wmv/xz/zip

Added some more extensions to that list:

3fr/3g2/3gp/3gpp/7z/aac/ace/amr/apk/appx/appxbundle/arc/arj/arw/asf/avi/bz/bz2/cab/cr2/crypt[5678]/dat/dcr/deb/dmg/drc/ear/erf/flac/flv/gif/gpg/gz/iiq/jar/jp2/jpeg/jpg/h26[45]/k25/kdc/kgb/lha/lz/lzma/lzo/lzx/m4[apv]/mef/mkv/mos/mov/mp[34]/mpeg/mp[gv]/msi/nef/oga/ogg/ogv/opus/orf/pak/pef/png/qt/rar/r[0-9][0-9]/rz/rpm/rw2/rzip/sfark/sfx/s7z/sr2/srf/svgz/t[gb]z/tlz/txz/vob/wim/wma/wmv/xz/zip
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@vrossum vrossum commented Aug 26, 2019

I benchmarked this a little bit with 1GB of random data

On random data compression can't help. However, if you have text files and a slow connection, it is a logical choice.
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@maxnoe maxnoe commented Aug 26, 2019

zst is also worth adding
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@slmingol slmingol commented Sep 5, 2019

SSH_ARGS="-T -o -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com Compression=no -x"

you have a typo here, that should be like this:

SSH_ARGS="-T -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x"
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@slmingol slmingol commented Sep 5, 2019

Saw not much movement in the variations here when testing across 2 ec2 instances on AWS in 2 different AZs. I ended up using this which includes most of what I could gleam as optimizations but the speed fluctuated enough among with and without that your mileage will definitely vary as well.

$ rsync -aHAxv --numeric-ids --delete -P -e "ssh -T -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x" 500MB.file 10.16.87.187:~
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@ghost ghost commented Sep 26, 2019 •
edited by ghost

Regarding the suggested -T, there is no TTY allocation by default when SSH runs a comand on the host vs running a shell. It's redundant. On some systems (Debian 9 and later, maybe some earlier), you can do -c none which is ideal if you care about speed and not privacy.
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@danielmotaleite danielmotaleite commented Oct 7, 2019 •
edited

i have done a small up-to-date ssh test using several cipher, between 2 AWS r5.12xlarge and got this:

chacha20-poly1305@openssh.com        190.89MB/s  (default if not option used)
aes128-ctr                           259.01MB/s
aes256-gcm@openssh.com               339.05MB/s
aes128-gcm@openssh.com               298.20MB/s
none                                 189.72MB/s

i didn't test arcfour, but in previous tests, it was faster... but as require changing the sshd server to support that cipher, i'm trying to avoid it
interesting is the aes256-gcm is faster than the aes128-gcm, probably because of optimization and hardware support. the cipher none, while it do not return error, seems to fallback to the default, so anyone saying that -c none will disable encryption probably do not know that its really using the default cipher! :)

No other ciphers were tested as current ssh only have those as default enabled ciphers
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@sasha2002 sasha2002 commented May 22, 2020

To all.

I'd like to know how to place '--exclude /backup/somedir' in the string because it doesn't work. Thanks in advance.

To exclude a directory("<source_dir>/bigDir") you need to put the name of directory in current directory like this example :
rsync -aHAXxv --numeric-ids --delete --progress --exclude 'bigDir' -e "ssh -T -c aes256-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x" user@:<source_dir> <dest_dir>
@davidbitton

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@davidbitton davidbitton commented May 25, 2020

for a Mac to Linux transfer it's useful to use other options. Arcfour is not available for most new machines anymore and UTF-8 on OS X is different than UTF-8 on Linux (important if you have Umlauts like Germans, Samba/NFS will fail otherwise). My command if both (Mac & Linux) machines support AES on their processors and you want to transfer from Mac to Linux:

rsync -rltv --progress --human-readable --delete --iconv=utf-8-mac,utf-8 -e 'ssh -T -c aes128-gcm@openssh.com -o Compression=no -x' <local_mac_source> <remote_linux_dest>

reverse the iconv option if you want to transfer from Linux to Mac.

how would you do mac to mac?
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@L1so L1so commented Jun 3, 2020

Not recommended, I almost trashed my entire movies collection by doing this, good thing I canceled it.
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@brianlamb brianlamb commented Jun 28, 2020

This was such a great post to find!
I was set to leave my transfer going at 5-10MB/s but couldn't go to sleep with 1.2TB going for 30hours!
(This was also from Synology NAS to MacOS)

As others mentioned early on in this post using specific SSH options can affect the transfer rate dramatically: -e "ssh -T -c aes128-ctr -o Compression=no -x". Primarily the Compression factor. I couldn't see notable differences and didn't test more than comparing to "-c aes256-gcm@openssh.com" but got variably up to 50-90MB/sec.

DO use --dry-run and --itemize-changes which is a great record of what is actually going to happen.
Always be careful of SOURCE and DESTINATION.
Pause and think, before setting things in motion!

If you want a little help managing a collection of commands you run and an environment conducive to setting up rsync command lines you could try (on a Mac) RsyncOSX as a GUI front end (although I still prefer to run the actual command in a standalone terminal.)
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@pricesgoingup pricesgoingup commented Aug 12, 2020

@L1so > Not recommended, I almost trashed my entire movies collection by doing this, good thing I canceled it.

Don't paste everything you see on the internet without looking the flags up first /shrugs
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@nerrons nerrons commented Mar 29, 2021

To decide which cipher is the best, I recommend using this script to benchmark for yourself: https://gist.github.com/joeharr4/c7599c52f9fad9e53f62e9c8ae690e6b
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